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Endo/Repro Midterm > Endocrine Physiology Costanzo notes > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Costanzo notes Flashcards

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1
Q

classic endocrine glands

A 
hypothalamus 
anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary 
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal cortex 
adrenal medulla
gonads
placenta
pancreas
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2
Q

the signal peptide of a hormone is removed in the _____, converting the preprohomrone to a prohormone

A

signal peptide cleaved in the ER

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3
Q

prohormones are packaged into secretory vesicles in the ______ _____ where they are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes to produce the final hormone
glycosylation and phosphorylation also occur here in this organelle

A

golgi apparatus

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4
Q

the adrenal cortex, gonads, corpus luteum and placental all secrete what type of hormone

A

steroid hormones

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5
Q

all steroid hormones are derivatives of what molecule

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

catecholamines are examples of what kind of hormones

A

amine hormones

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7
Q

the amine hormones include:

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

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8
Q

amine hormones are derivatives of what AA

A

tyrosine

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9
Q

feedback loop in which the hormone feeds back to the hypothalamic pituitary axis

A

long-loop feedback

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10
Q

feedback loop where anterior pituitary hormone feeds back to the hypothalamus to prohibit the secretion of the hypothalamic releasing hormone

A

short loop feedback

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11
Q

feedback loop where the hypothalamic hormone inhibits its own secretion

A

ultra-short loop feedback

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12
Q

ways to change the responsiveness of a tissue to a hormone

A

number of receptors

affinity of receptors

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13
Q

hormone concentration that produces 50% of maximal response

A

sensitivity

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14
Q

describe the function of GRFs

A

guanosine nucleotide releasing factors
dissociate GDP so GTP can bind

ACTIVATE

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15
Q

describe the function of GAPs

A

GTPase activating factors
facilitate hydrolysis of GTP

INHIBIT

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16
Q

hormones that utilize tyrosine kinase mechanisms for their MoA

A

insulin
IGF-1
growth hormone
prolactin

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17
Q

hormones that utilize adenylate cyclase for their MoA

A 
ACTH
LH
FSH
TSH
ADH
HCG
MSH
CRH 
Calcitonin 
PTH 
glucagon
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18
Q

hormones that utilize pohosphlipase C for their MoA

A 
GnRH 
TRH
GHRH 
Angiotensin II 
ADH
Oxytocin 
Alpha1 recpetor
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19
Q

steroid hormones that pass the plasma membrane include

A 
glucocorticoids 
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
Aldosterone 
vitD
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20
Q

cGMP utilizing hormones

A

ANP

NO

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21
Q

G protein associated with phospholipase C

A

Gq protein

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22
Q

phospholipase c mechanisms induce what ion increase in the cell .

A

Ca

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23
Q

in monomoeric type RTKs, binding of ligand to EC domain results in _______ of the receptor, activating ______ tyrosine kinase, and phosphorylation of what

A

results in dimerization of the receptor
activation of intrinsic tyrosine kinase
phosphorylation of tyrosine on itself and otherp toeins

NGF and EGF

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24
Q

steroid receptor proteins are located hwere in a cell

A

in the cytosol or nucleus

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25
the c domain among steroid hormone receptors has what binding ability
two zinc fingers responsible for DNA binding
26
zinc fingers bind to what DNA elements
steroid responsive elements | SREs
27
hormone-hormone receptor complexes have the ability to do what
regulate the rate of transcription
28
the posterior lobe of the pituitary is derived from what kind of tissue
neural tissue | neurohypophysis
29
secretory products of the posterior pituitary
ADH | Oxytocin
30
As ADH and oxytocin are secreted by nerve axons located in the posterior pituitary, they are considered what type of molecule
neuropeptides
31
the supraoptic nucleus secretes what neuropeptide from the posterior pituitary
ADH
32
the paraventricular nucleus secretes what neuropeptide from the posterior pituitary
oxytocin
33
pneumonic for remembering what nuclei ADH and oxytocin are secreted from
AS/OP | like aesops fables
34
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from what embryonic structure
primitive foregut
35
what six peptide hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete
``` LH FSH ACTH Prolactin TSH GH ```
36
the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are directly linked via what portal system
hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood vessels
37
which hypophysial portal vessels deliver hypothalamic venous blood to the anterior lobe of the pituitary
long hypophyseal portal vessels
38
which hypophysial portal vessels deliver blood to the anterior pituitary
short hypophyseal portal vessels
39
implications of the hypophysial portal system are that hypothalamic hormones can be delivered in ____ _____ directly to the AP, and hypothalamic hormones will not appear in _______ _______
delivered in high concentrations to AP | do not appear in high concentrations in systemic circulation
40
glyoproteins of the AP
TSH FSH LH
41
the ____ SU of TSH, FSH, and LH are identical and the ____ SU determine their specificity
alpha beta
42
ACTH is derived from what molecule
POMC (pro-opiomelanocreotin)
43
derivatives of POMC
ACTH gamma and beta lipotropin beta endomorphin MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
44
synthesis of growth hormone is directed by what hypothalamic releasing hormone
GHRH
45
factors that stimulate the release of GH
``` decreased glucose, FA, concentration arginine fasting or starvation hormones of puberty exercies stress ```
46
factors that inhibit the release of GH
``` increased glucose concentration increased FA concentration Obesity senescence somatostatin somatomedins growth hormone pregnancy ```
47
GHRH functions through which secondary messenger system
BOTH adenylyl cyclase/cAMP and PLC/Ca2+
48
how does somatostatin inhibit secretion of GH
blocks action of GHRH on the somatotroph | binds its own membrane receptor, which is linked to a Gi protein that inhibits generation of cAMP
49
how do somatomedins inhibit GH secretion
somatomedins are byproducts of GH action on target tissues and they inhibit secretion of GH by the anterior pituitary and also indirectly inhibit GH by stimulating somatostatin release
50
direct actions of GH are mediated by what receptor
tyrosine kinase associated receptor
51
indirect actions of GH are mediated by what molecule
production of somatomedins in the liver most important == IGF-1 that act on IGF receptors (contain intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity)
52
Somatomedins act on target tissues through IGF receptors that are similar to the insulin receptor, in that this class of receptors has what intrinsic ability?
Intrinsic tyrosine kinase ability
53
Describe the diabetogenic effect of growth hormone
Causes insulin resistance - decreases glucose uptake and utilization by target tissues such as uncle and adipose tissue Growth hormone causes an increase in blood insulin levels
54
3 actions of growth hormone
Diabetogenic or anti-insulin effect Increased protein synthesis and organ growth Increased linear growth
55
Increased linear growth performed by GH is mediated by what molecule
Somatomedins
56
In ______ dwarfism, growth hormone receptors are defective; thus GH cannot cause production of IGFs in target tissues
Laron
57
Conditions with excess secretion of growth hormone are treated with analogues of what endogenous molecule
Somatotin analogues like ocreotide
58
The hypothalamus stimulates lactotropes in the AP with _______, but no lactation occurs without suppression of tonic ________ expression.
Stimulates with TH | Tonic Dopaine expression
59
Sources of dopamine in the AP
1) dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus that secrete into the median eminence and drain into the AP 2) dopaminergic neurons of the posterior pituitary 3) nonlactotroph cells of the AP secrete a small amount
60
Stimulatory factors of prolactin secretion
``` Pregnancy Breast feeding Sleep Stress TRH Dopamine antagonists ```
61
Inhibitory factors of prolactin secretion
Dopamine Bromocriptine Somatostatin Prolactin
62
Describe the effects of bromocriptine on lactotropes
Bromocriptine inhibits prolactin secretion through its action as a dopamine agonist
63
Ovulation is inhibited by prolactin by what mechanism
Prolactin inhibits ovulation by inhibiting synthesis and release of GnRH Accounts for decreased fertility during breast feeding
64
Prolactin excess can be caused by ______ of the hypothalamus or interruption of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract or prolactinomas
Destruction Increased prolactin secretion occurs because of the loss of tonic inhibition by dopamine
65
ADH is secreted by the _______ pituitary in response to a ____ in serum osmolarity It acts on the _______ cells of the ______ tubule and collecting duct to increase water reabsorption
Posterior pituitary in response to an increase in osmolarity Acts on principle cells of distal tubule and CD
66
Factors stimulating the release of ADH
Increased serum osmolarity Decreased ECF Angiotensin II Pain/nausea/hypoglycemia/nicotine/opiates/antineoplastic drugs
67
Inhibitory factors of ADH secretion
Decreased serum osmolarity Ethanol Alpha-adrenergic agonists ANP
68
ADH secretion in response to increased serum osmolarity is prompted by osmoreceptors in what part of the brain
Anterior hypothalamus
69
Failure of the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH
Central diabetes insipidus
70
Principal cells of the collecting duct are unresponsive to ADH due to a defect in the V2 receptor, Gs protein, AC
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
71
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be treated with administration of what type of diuretic
Thiazides | They nhibit Na reabsorption in the early distal tubule , inhibiting dilution of urine
72
Actions of oxytocin
Milk ejection | Uterine contraction
73
Stimulatory factors for oxytocin secretion
Suckling Sight sound smell of an infant Dilation of cervix Orgasm
74
Inhibitory factors for oxytocin
Opioids

Endo/Repro Midterm (6 decks)

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