Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships

Question 1

communications between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are both ___ and ____

Answer 1

neural and hormonal

Question 2

endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary can secrete what hormones

Answer 2

ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
GH
Prolactin

Question 3

anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by what portal system

Answer 3

hypophysial portal system

Question 4

the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system makes what possible

Answer 4

direct hormone delivery to the anterior pituitary

also prevents hypothalamic hormones from appearing in the circulation in high concentrations

Question 5

as opposed to the connection of the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus, the connection with the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus only contains _____ connections

Answer 5

neural connections

Question 6

the posterior pituitary is a collection of ______, whose cell bodies reside in the hypothalamus

Answer 6

collection of axons

Question 7

posterior pituitary secretes what hormones into circulation

Answer 7

ADH

oxytocin

Question 8

posterior pituitary contains axons from what nerve populations within the hypothalamus

Answer 8

supraoptic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus

Question 9

tertiary endocrine diseases involve the

Answer 9

hypothalamus

Question 10

secondary endocrine diseases involve the

Answer 10

pituitary

Question 11

primary endocrine diseases involve the

Answer 11

peripheral glands

Question 12

trh from the hypothalamus induces secretion of what substance from what cells in the AP

Answer 12

TSH from thyrotrophs

Question 13

Nerves from the hypothalamus synapse on vascular beds in the ______ ______ to signal the endocrine cells in the _________ _______

Answer 13

Median eminence

Anterior pituitary

Question 14

Tumors of the pituitary may manifest as what clinical symptoms

Answer 14

Loss of eyesight/changes in vision

Question 15

Supraoptic neurons release what neuropeptide

Answer 15

ADH

Question 16

Paraventricular neurons secrete what neuropeptide into the posterior pituitary

Answer 16

Oxytocin

Question 17

Hypothalamic neurons secrete at a set rate in _____ patterns that are associated with ______ rhythms

Answer 17

Pulsatile pattern

Circadian rhythms

Question 18

Growth hormone is produced by what cells in the ________

Answer 18

Somatotropes in the anterior pituitary

Question 19

The receptor for growth hormone is of what type

Answer 19

JAK-STAT signaling cascade

Question 20

Growth hormone can be inhibited by
1)
and
2)

Answer 20

Somatostatin

IGF-1

Question 21

What factors stimulate GH

Answer 21

Fasting/hunger/starvation
Hypoglycemia

Lesser things 
Hormones of puberty 
Exercise 
Sleep 
Stress

Question 22

Functions of GH

1. Growth
2. ______ -________
3. __________

Answer 22

Growth by hypertrophy
Cell reproduction (hyperplasia = increasing number of cells or proliferation rate)
Metabolism
Increases glycogen and fat breakdown for energy/increases protein synthesis

Question 23

Indirect actions of IGF

Answer 23

Trophic function
Signals liver to produce IGF
IGF targets almost every cell in the body to grow and divide

Question 24

Excessive growth hormone before closure of bone epiphyseal

Answer 24

Gigantism

Question 25

Excessive growth hormone after closure of bone epiphyseal

Answer 25

Acromegaly

Question 26

Failure to suppress GH production in response to an oral load of glucose is a sensitive test for

Answer 26

Acromegaly

Question 27

Metabolic functions of GH

Answer 27

Diabetogenic effect (increase in blood glucose) causing insulin resistance Increased protein synthesis and organ growth Increased linear growth

Question 28

Lactotropes, when stimulated by the hypothalamus secretes what hormone

Answer 28

Prolactin

Question 29

Prolactin is typically inhibited by what signal in the brain

Answer 29

Hypothalamic dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion

Question 30

Prolactin suppresses what other hormones

Answer 30

suppresses GnRH Inhibiting release of LH and FSH Decreases reproductive function and suppresses sexual drive

Question 31

Factors that stimulate PRL secretion

Answer 31

``` Pregnancy Breast-feeding Sleep Stress TRH ```

Question 32

Factors inhabiting PRL secretion

Answer 32

Dopamine Dopamine agonists Somatostatin Prolactin via negative feedback

Question 33

Gonadotropes secrete what hormones

Answer 33

FSH and LH

Question 34

FSH and LH, released by the gonadotropes promote secretion of what hormones by the AP

Answer 34

Females: estrogen/progesterone Males: testosterone

Question 35

Factors that can inhibit release of GnRH (and therefore LH and FSH) e

Answer 35

Extreme energy deficits Extreme exercise Depression Hyperprolactinemia

Question 36

Hyperprolactinemia can inhibit what hormone secretion

Answer 36

LH and FSH | Because prolactin suppresses GnRH

Question 37

Causes of hypopituitarism

Answer 37

Brain damage Tumors ``` Non-pituitary tumors Infections Infarction Autoimmune disorders Pituitary hypoplasia/aphasia Genetic disorders ```

Question 38

3 Ps of diabetes insipidus

Answer 38

Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia

Question 39

Diabetes insipidus is related to what hormone

Answer 39

ADH | deficient secretion or renal insensitivity

Question 40

ADH deficiency will result in urine that is ____

Answer 40

Super dilute | ADH controls permeability of collecting ducts to water

Question 41

Characteristics of SIADH

Answer 41

Excessive ADH secretion Excessive water retention Hypoosmolarity fails to inhibit ADH release

Question 42

Actions of oxytocin

Answer 42

Milk ejection | Uterine contraction

Question 43

What is milk letdown

Answer 43

Stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells lining milk ducts Stimulated by sucking, sight/sound/smell of an infant

Question 44

Prolactin stimulates production of breast milk, whereas oxytocin stimulates

Answer 44

Contraction of myoepithelial cells lining milk ducts

Question 45

In addition to milk ejection, oxytocin performs what action

Answer 45

Uterine contraction Pitocin induces labor Stimulated by dilation of cervix/orgasm