Intro DSA

Question 1

Function of the endocrine system

Answer 1

Regulates multiple organs within the body to meet growth and reproduction demands

Question 2

Endocrine glands (10)

Answer 2

Hypothalamus 
Anterior and posterior pituitary
Thyroid 
Parathyroid 
Adrenal cortex 
Adrenal medulla 
Gonads 
Endocrine pancreas 
Placenta

Question 3

Hormones of the hypothalamus

Answer 3

TRH - thyroptropin-releasing hormone 
CRH - Corticotropin releasing hormone 
GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing hormone 
Somatostatin 
Dopamine

Question 4

Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 4

TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone 
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone 
LH - Luteinizing hormone 
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone 
MSH - melanocyte-stimulating hormone 
Growth hormone 
Prolactin

Question 5

Posterior pituitary hormone

Answer 5

ADH - anti-diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

Question 6

Pancreas hormones

Answer 6

Insulin

Glucagon

Question 7

Adrenal medulla hormones

Answer 7

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Question 8

Kidney hormones

Answer 8

Renin

1, 15 - dihydroxycholecalciferol

Question 9

Adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 9

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenal androgens

Question 10

Corpus luteum hormones

Answer 10

Estradiol

Progesterone

Question 11

Placental hormones

Answer 11

HCG - human horionic gonadotropin
Estriol
Progesterone
HPL - human placental lactogen

Question 12

Three general classes of hormones

Answer 12

Proteins and peptides
Amines
Steroids

Question 13

Protein and peptide hormones are stored in _______ until needed
Polypeptides with > 100 aa are ______
Polypeptides with <100 aa are _______
_______-soluble

Answer 13

Stored in vesicles until needed
>100 are proteins
<100 are peptides
Water soluble

Question 14

Protein and peptide hormones are usually synthesized as ___________ that are modified in the ____ and packaged in the ______

Answer 14

Synthesized as preprohormones
Modified in the ER
Packaged in the golgi

Question 15

Cholesterol comes from what two sources for steroid hormone synthesis

Answer 15

80% comes from LDL particles through receptor mediated endocytosis
20% comes from de novo synthesis from Acetyl coenzyme A

Question 16

Amine hormones are derived from what AA

Answer 16

Tyrosine

Question 17

Two groups of amine hormones and their site of synthesis

Answer 17

Catecholamines —> cytosol and secretory granules

Thyroid —> thyroid gland and stored as thyroglobullin in follicles within the gland

Question 18

Catecholamine receptor location

Answer 18

Cell-membrane associated receptor

Question 19

Thyroid hormone receptor location

Answer 19

Cross cell membrane and act through nuclear receptors

Question 20

Examples of catecholamines

Answer 20

L-DOPA
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

Question 21

What type of hormones are cleared the quickest? Slowest?

Answer 21

Quickest - proteins

Slowest - thyroid hormones

Question 22

TRH hormone from the ______ stimulates what actions

Answer 22

TRH comes from the hypothalamus Stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

Question 23

Corticotropin-releasing hormone from the ______ causes secretion of what hormone

Answer 23

Hypothalamus

ACTH

Question 24

Gonadotyropin releasing hormone from the _______ prompts the secretion of ___ and _____

Answer 24

Hypothalamus

LH and FSH

Question 25

Somatostatin or somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone prompts what action

Answer 25

Inhibits secretion of growth hormone | Comes from the hypothalamus

Question 26

Dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor from the hypothalamus is what class of hormone and has what action

Answer 26

Amine | Inhibits secretion of prolactin

Question 27

Secretion of hormones can be modulate by what two routes

Answer 27

Neural mechanism - neural input to an endocrine cell increases or decreases hormonal secretion Feedback mechanism - more common, some element of the physiological response feeds back on the endocrine gland and changes secretion rate

Question 28

Examples of positive feedback mechanisms in hormone regulation

Answer 28

Menstrual cycle - increase estrogen levels in blood to stimulate FSH and LH release from AP —> further increases estrogen levels leading to ovulation Delivery of fetus: oxytocin stimulates and enhances labor contractions

Question 29

Describe a long-loop feedback

Answer 29

Hormone released from 3d tier (peripheral endocrine gland) feeds back all the way to 1st tier (hypothalamus) and second tier (pituitary)

Question 30

Describe the short loop feedback mechanism

Answer 30

Hormone secreted from the 2nd tier feed back to the first

Question 31

Describe the ultra short loop feedback mechanism

Answer 31

Gland inhibits its own secretion

Question 32

Three endocrine axes

Answer 32

HPA - hypothalamus - pituitary. Adrenal HPT - hypothalamus - pituitary - thyroid HPG - hypothalamus - pituitary - gonads

Question 33

First tier of endocrine axes is highly regulated by ______

Answer 33

Neural inputs

Question 34

Major inputs to the first tier fo endocrine axes

Answer 34

SCN - suprachiasmatic nucleus - impose a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes Pineal gland - releases melatonin which feeds back info to SCN about day—night

Question 35

Responsiveness to a hormone depends on two things:

Answer 35

Number of receptors | Affinity of receptors