Endocrine System

Question 1

Horomone

Answer 1

A chemical ligand or signal that travels a distance through the bloodstream in order to stimulate a response in target cells, tissues, or organs

Question 2

4 Avenues of Cell Communication

Answer 2

• Gap Junctions
• Hormones
• Neurotransmitters
• Paracrines

Question 3

Endocrine VS Nervous

Answer 3

Nervous

• communicates with neurotransmitters
• Localized effects
• stops when stimuli stops
• reacts within milliseconds

Endocrine

• communicates with hormones
• generalized widespread effect
• lingers after stimuli stops
• reacts slower to stimuli

Question 4

Endocrine VS Exocrine

Answer 4

Endocrine

• Ductless
• secrete into bloodstream
• intracellular effects
• fenestrated capillaries

Exocrine

• ducts
• secrete out to epithelial surface
• extracellular
• no fenestrated capillaries

Question 5

Steroid Hormones

Answer 5

Estrogen
Testosterone 
Cortisol 
Aldosterone
Vitamin D

Question 6

Non-steroid Hormones

Answer 6

Amines ( Norepinepherine , epinephrine )
Proteins (PTH, GH, PRL)
Peptides (ADH,OT,TRH,SS,GnRH)
Glycoproteins (FSH,LH,TSH)

Question 7

Intracellular Chemical Signals that AREN’T hormones

Answer 7

Autocrines, Paracrines, Pheromones, Neurohormone, Nuerotransmitter or neuromodulator

Question 8

TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

Answer 8

Released by: Hypothalamus

Effects: Promotes secretion of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) AND PRL (prolactin)

Question 9

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Answer 9

Released by: Hypothalamus

Effects: promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Question 10

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Answer 10

Released by: Hypothalamus

Effects: Promotes secretion of adrenocoritcotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 11

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Answer 11

Released by: Hypothalamus

Effects: promotes secreting of growth hormone (GH)

Question 12

Oxytocin (OT)

Answer 12

Released by: Posterior pituitary

Effects: labor contractions, milk release

Question 13

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 13

Released by: Posterior pituitary

Effects: water retention

Question 14

How is secretion rate regulated ?

Answer 14

1) action of a substance other than a hormone on an endocrine gland (insulin production)
2) Neural control of endocrine (epinephrine)
3) Control of secretory activity of one endocrine gland by hormone or neurohormone (TRH->TSH->T3 & T4->TRH)

Question 15

What regulates anterior pituitary secretions?

Answer 15

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 16

What controls posterior pituitary secretions?

Answer 16

NEUROENDOCRINE REFLEXES

Question 17

Melatonin

Answer 17

Released by: Pineal Gland

Effects: Circadian Rhythm Control

Question 18

What protein stores large amounts of thyroid hormone and where?

Answer 18

-Thyrogloubin

In the thyroid gland

Question 19

What is the mineralcorticoid hormone

Answer 19

Aldosterone

Question 20

What are the cells between follicles and what do they secrete?>

Answer 20

Parafollicular cells ; calcitonin

Question 21

Thyroid Hormones

Answer 21

• T3 (Triiodothyronine, 10%)
• T4 (Tetraiodothyronine or Thyroxine, 90%)

Formed in the LUMEN

Follicles of thyroid contain thyroglobulin

Question 22

Parathyroid Glands are made up of what types of cells

Answer 22

OXYPHILS
CHIEF CELLS - secrete parathyroid or parathormone (PTH)

• regulates Calcium levels
• stimulates osteoclasts activity in bone

Target: Bone, Kidneys, and Intestines

Question 23

What hormone is essential for neuromuscular and cardiovascular function?

Answer 23

Parathormone , Parathyroid hormone , or PTH

Question 24

3 Layers of Adrenal Cortex

Answer 24

• Zona glomuerulosa : (globs) small clusters of cells
• Zona Fasciculata : thickest layer made of columns or fascicles
• Zona Reticularis : deepest layer (net like)

Question 25

What are secretions of the adrenal medulla controlled by

Answer 25

SYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC NERVE FIBERS

Question 26

Which cells release catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a trace of dopamine)

Answer 26

Chromaffin cells

Question 27

5 Most important corticosteroid subcategories and their function

Answer 27

Mineralocorticoids: Regulate electrolyte balance (ALDOSTERONE) (Salt) Glucocorticoids: regulate metabolism of glucose and other organic fuels (Sugar) Androgens: (Sex) developmental and reproductive functions

Question 28

What is secreted by the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 28

Aldosterone which is regulated by decreasing the blood pressure

Question 29

What is secreted by the zona fasciculata?

Answer 29

Glucocorticoids and androgens which are regulated by ACTH CORTISOL

Question 30

What is secreted by the zona reticularis?

Answer 30

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Question 31

Which organ functions as both endocrine and exocrine glands ?

Answer 31

Pancreas

Question 32

Which hormones are important in the regulation of circulating glucose?

Answer 32

Pancreatic Hormones

Question 33

What cells make up pancreatic islets?

Answer 33

Alpha (GLUCAGON), beta (INSULIN and AMYLIN), delta (SOMATOSTATIN)

Question 34

What are the functions of Glucagon

Answer 34

``` Glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown into glucose) and Gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from fats and proteins ```

Question 35

What hyperglycemic hormones increase glucose levels in the blood?

Answer 35

``` Growth Hormone Epinephrine Norepinephrine Cortisol Corticosterone ```

Question 36

Insulin targets which tissues

Answer 36

Liver, adipose, muscle, and the safety center of the brain

Question 37

What is the function of AMYLIN

Answer 37

It controls your apetite

Question 38

What does the absence in insulin do to your body

Answer 38

Increases - hunger - urine volume (polyuria) - blood glucose levels - thirst (polydipsia)

Question 39

What does the placenta secrete

Answer 39

Estrogen and progesterone that regulate pregnancy

Question 40

What Endocrine function does your skin do

Answer 40

It converts chlolesterol like steroids into cholecalciferol (VITAMIN D PRECURSOR) using sunlight

Question 41

Endocrine functions of the liver

Answer 41

Converts cholecalciferol into calcidol (hormone that stimulates calcium reg) ``` Secretes angiotesinogen Secretes erythropoietin (RBC PRODUCTION) ```

Question 42

Which organs secrete erythropoeitin ?

Answer 42

Liver and Kidneys

Question 43

What do fat cells secrete

Answer 43

Leptin (regulates apetite)