Endocrine System Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the Endocrine System?
A
The function of the endocrine system is to work with the nervous system to regulate and control other systems and maintain homeostasis.
2
Q
The endocrine system functions by
releasing _____ which travel through the body (usually using the bloodstream) to _______
A
hormones, target cells
3
Q
Glands are secretory cells or structures derived from
- Muscle
- Connective
- Epithelial tissue
- Nervous
A
- Epithelial tissue
4
Q
Target cells have receptors that _____ the hormones.
A
bind
5
Q
_______ cells do not have these
receptor and are _______ by the
hormone
A
Non-target, unaffected
6
Q
What is a hormone?
A
Hormones are chemical messengers that
are secreted by one cell and travels to
another cell and affects other only the
target cells that have the correct receptor
7
Q
True or False:
Endocrine system and the nervous
system both are controlled by negative feedback
A
True
8
Q
Where is a neurotransmitter located?
A
Localized to nerve synapse
9
Q
Where is a hormone located?
A
Distribute throughout body in blood stream
10
Q
How long does it take for a neuotrasnmitter to act?
A
Quick acting
11
Q
How long does it take for a hormone to act?
A
Slow to act
12
Q
How long does a neurotransmitter last?
A
Taken away quickly
13
Q
How long does a hormone last?
A
Remains longer in body
14
Q
What are the two types of hormones?
A
- Water Soluble (Hydrophilic)
2. Lipid Soluble (Hydrophobic)
15
Q
Epinephrine is an example of :
A
single amino acid
16
Q
Human Growth Hormone is an example of what kind of amino acid Hormone?
A
Polypeptides (a chain of amino acids)
17
Q
Are Amino Acids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
- Hydrophilic
- Hydrophobic
A
- Hydrophilic
18
Q
Can an amino acid freely cross the plasma membrane?
- Yes
- No
A
- No
19
Q
Amino acids and polypeptides are examples
of ________
A
water soluble hormones
20
Q
_______ glands release epinephrine into the
blood stream, travels throughout the body
A
Adrenal
21
Q
Adrenal glands release __________
A
blood stream, travels throughout the body
22
Q
Water soluble hormones bind ____________
A
to a receptor on the surface of the target cells
23
Q
The binding of the hormone epinephrine to the
receptor triggers the formation of a _________
A
a secondary messenger (ex: cAMP).
24
Q
The secondary messenger triggers a cascade of events ending in ________
A
cellular activity (ex: the breakdown of glycogen to glucose)
25
In water soluble hormones the receptor is on
The receptor is on the plasma membrane.
26
```
What type of molecule is a steroid?
1. Sugars
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Complex
Carbohydrates
```
3. Lipids
27
Are Steroids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
1. Hydrophilic
2. Hydrophobic
2. Hydrophobic
28
Can steroids freely cross the plasma membrane?
1. Yes
2. No
1. Yes
29
When DNA is copied to make mRNA this is:
1. Translation
2. Transcription
2. Transcription
30
What is the product of translation?
1. DNA
2. RNA
3. Protein/polypeptide
4. Nucleotides
3. Protein/polypeptide
31
Can Lipid soluble hormones freely pass through the plasma
| membrane?
Yes
32
In Lipid Soluble Cells:
| ______ the cell, the hormone binds with a receptor.
Inside
33
In Lipid soluble hormones:
The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA
in the nucleus and activates the _______
of DNA to make_______
transcription, mRNA.
34
In Lipid soluble hormones:
| The mRNA leaves the nucleus, binds to a _____ and is translated to make ______
ribosome, proteins
35
Note that the lipid soluble hormones will take
_______ (longer/shorter) to act than the water soluble hormones
since they cause DNA transcription and
translation to make a protein.
longer
36
remember that water soluble hormones do
not enter the target cell, they work through
___________ whereas lipid soluble
hormones enter the cell.
secondary messengers,
37
Do water soluble hormones enter the target cell?
No
38
```
Would you expect the receptor for a steroid
to be inside the cell or in the plasma
membrane?
A. Inside
B. Plasma
membrane
```
A. Inside
39
A steroid hormone would likely result in:
A. Cell activity like glycogen breakdown
B. Protein production
B. Protein production
40
Hypothalamus — regulates the internal
| environment through the ________
autonomic nervous system.
41
Which endocrine gland/organ: Helps control heartbeat.
| Helps control body temperature. Helps control water balance.
Hypothalamus
42
Hypothalamus - Controls glandular
| secretions of the _______
pituitary gland
43
What hormones does the Hypothalamus Produce?
1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. Oxytocin
3. Hormones that control the pituitary
(Hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-
inhibiting Hormones)
44
Will A Diuretic Make Your Urine _____?
1. More dilute
2. More concentrated
1. More dilute
45
An Antidiuretic Will Make Your Urine:
1. More dilute
2. More concentrated
2. More concentrated
46
An Antidiuretic Will cause your kidneys to:
1. Reabsorb water
2. Excrete water
1. Reabsorb water
47
What will an antidiuretic do to your BP?
A. Increase
B. decrease
A. Increase
48
The _________ produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin
hypothalamus
49
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are
_______ and _______ the posterior lobe
of the pituitary gland.
stored in , released from
50
```
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are
stored in and released from the _______
```
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
51
Function of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
regulates water reabsorption
in the kidneys (H2O is returned to the
bloodstream).
52
What is the target for ADH?
Kidneys
53
```
Which of these hormones is produced by the
hypothalamus?
A. Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
B. Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
C. Gonadotropic
hormones – (FSH and
LH)
D. Oxytocin
E. Prolactin (PRL)
F. Growth hormone
```
D. Oxytocin
54
Oxytocin Function:
stimulates uterine contraction
during childbirth and milk release (ejecting
milk from the glands).
55
Oxytocin target:
Uterus and mammary glands
56
Synthetic form or OT, given to induce labor is called:
Pitocin
57
The hypothalamus controls the _______
anterior pituitary
58
hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones travel a short distance in the blood stream to the ________
anterior pituitary gland.
59
________ hormone and ________ hormones control when the anterior pituitary gland releases its hormones
hypothalamic-releasing, hypothalamic-inhibiting
60
The anterior pituitary gland produces:
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
3. Gonadotropic hormones – (FSH and LH)
4. Prolactin (PRL)
5. Growth hormone (GH)
61
There are two sections of the pituitary gland: _______
anterior and posterior.
62
The posterior pituitary gland receives _____
and _______ from the hypothalamus,
stores these hormones and releases them.
ADH, oxytocin
63
The anterior pituitary gland releases the hormones it has produced
after receiving hormones from the ______
hypothalamus
64
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Function:
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.
65
TSH is produced by the _______
Anterior Pituitary
66
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Target:
Thyroid gland
67
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Function:
stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
68
ACTH is produced by the _______
Anterior Pituitary
69
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Target:
adrenal cortex
70
Gonadotropic hormones function:
stimulate the gonads to produce gametes and hormones.
71
The 2 types of Gonadotropic hormones are:
```
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
```
72
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) function –
stimulates gamete development in males
| and females
73
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) function–
stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males
74
Prolactin (PRL) Function:
causes mammary glands to
| develop and produce milk.
75
PRL is produced by the _______
Anterior Pituitary
76
Prolactin (PRL) Target:
Mammary glands
77
Growth hormone (GH) Function:
promotes skeletal and muscular growth.
78
Growth hormone (GH) Target:
Bones, muscles, and cartilage
79
GH is produced by the _______
Anterior Pituitary
80
Which of the following hormones stimulates water reabsorption by the
kidneys (reducing the amount of urine produced)?
1. insulin
2. thyroxin
3. ADH
4. calcitonin
3. ADH
81
```
What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce
cortisol
1. insulin
2. thyroxin
3. ADH
4. ACTH
```
4. ACTH
82
Which gland produces oxytocin
1. Anterior Pituitary
2. Posterior Pituitary
3. Hypothalamus
4. Adrenal Cortex
3. Hypothalamus
83
Which gland produces prolactin
1. Anterior Pituitary
2. Posterior Pituitary
3. Hypothalamus
4. Adrenal Cortex
1. Anterior Pituitary
84
Which hormone causes the mammary glands
to produce milk
A. Oxytocin (OXY)
B. Prolactin (PRL)
B. Prolactin (PRL)
85
Which hormone causes the gonads to
produce reproductive hormones?
A. FSH
B. LH
B. LH
86
Thyroid gland - large gland located below the _____
larynx.
87
Thyroid gland requires _______ to make hormones
iodine
88
Thyroid Gland Produces:
Thyroid Hormones:
Example: Thyroxine
Calcitonin – calcium regulation
89
Which hormone would you give to a person
with osteoporosis?
A. PTH
B. Calcitonin
B. Calcitonin
90
Calcitonin lowers or raises the blood's calcium level?
1. Lowers
2. Raises
1. Lowers
91
The hormone calcitonin - regulates ___________
calcium levels in bone and blood.
92
calcitonin ______ the blood calcium level by
depositing calcium into the bone and
signaling the kidneys to release more
calcium into the urine.
lowers
93
calcitonin lowers the blood calcium level by:
depositing calcium into the bone and signaling the kidneys to release more calcium into the urine.
94
calcitonin Target: ______
bone and kidneys
95
The thyroid hormone thyroxine function:
regulates metabolism by stimulating protein synthesis, the breakdown of
lipids, and the use of glucose for the production of ATP
96
Thyroid Gland – Thyroxine target:
most cells in the body
97
What is the target of thyroxine?
1. Bone
2. Muscle
3. Kidneys
4. Most cells in the body
4. Most cells in the body
98
Calcitonin is produced by the
1. Hypothalamus
2. Thyroid
3. Parathyroid
4. Ant pit
5. Post pit
2. Thyroid
99
Parathyroid Gland Produces ________
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
100
PTH increases blood calcium levels by:
```
Removing calcium from the bone
Increasing calcium absorption from
intestines
Decreasing the calcium excreted from the
kidneys
```
101
parathyroid hormone (PTH) Target:
bone, kidney, intestine
102
ACTH is produced by the
1. Hypothalamus
2. Thyroid
3. Parathyroid
4. Ant pit
5. Post pit
6. Adrenal cortex
4. Anterior pituitary
103
Adrenal glands location:
sit on top of the kidneys.
104
There are two parts of the adrenal glands what are they:
Adrenal medulla
| Adrenal cortex
105
The adrenal glands is controlled by both _______
nerves and hormones
106
Adrenal medulla is controlled by _________
nerves from the hypothalamus
107
Adrenal cortex is controlled by __________
ACTH (a hormone) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
108
Epinepherine is a hormone secreted by the ________
adrenal medulla
109
Epinephrine - prepares the body for ________
quick action. “fight or flight” / short-term response to stress.
110
Epinepherine Effects: ________
Increases blood pressure, increases heart rate, increases blood glucose levels
111
Two types of hormone secreted by adrenal
| cortex:
1. Mineralocorticoids ex: aldosterone
| 2. Glucocorticoids ex: cortisol
112
What is an example of a Mineralocorticoids?
aldosterone
113
Mineralocorticoids Function:
Promotes reabsorption of water by the
kidneys, reducing the amount of water
released in urine.
Increases blood pressure.
114
Mineralocorticoids Target?
Kidneys
115
An example of Glucocorticoids is?
cortisol
116
Glucocorticoids function:
```
Affect glucose homeostasis
Act on the liver to promote the conversion
of fat and protein into intermediate
substances available to the body’s cells
Inhibit the inflammatory response
Aids in allowing us to survive stress
```
117
```
What effect does the presence of epinephrine have
on blood pressure?
1. increases
2. decreases
3. has no effect
```
1. increases
118
What produces epinephrine?
1. Hypothalamus
2. Ant pit
3. Post pit
4. Adrenal cortex
5. Adrenal medulla
5. Adrenal medulla
119
Which of the following affects the adrenal cortex?
1. ACTH
2. TSH
3. FSH
4. Nerves
1. ACTH
120
Which of the following affects the adrenal medulla?
1. ACTH
2. TSH
3. ADH
4. Nerves
5. OXY
4. Nerves
121
The complex carbohydrate stored in humans is:
1. Cellulose
2. Starch
3. Glycogen
4. Triglycerides
3. Glycogen
122
Where is glycogen stored in the body:
1. Adipose tissue
2. Muscle
3. Liver
4. 2 and 3
4. 2 and 3
123
Which of the following glands secretes cortisol?
1. pituitary
2. pancreas
3. adrenal medulla
4. adrenal cortex
4. adrenal cortex
124
Where are the hormones secreted from in pancreas gland hormones
Secreted from the pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)
125
Pancreas Gland Hormones Regulate blood glucose levels through
two hormones: ______ and ______
1. glucagon
| 2. insulin
126
Glucagon functions:
raises blood glucose levels of the blood.
127
Glucagon Target and effects:
Liver – stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to
| glucose, and to form glucose from lactic acid
128
Insulin Function:
lowers blood glucose levels of the blood.
129
Insulin Target and Effects
Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle
cells, white blood cells, and connective tissue
cells.
Liver: Inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to
glucose
Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acids
into glucose
Adipose tissue: stimulates formation of
triglycerides from glucose
130
Insulin stimulates transport of glucose into ______, ________, and ________.
muscle cells, white blood cells, and connective tissue
| cells.
131
Adipose tissue: stimulates formation of _____ from glucose
triglycerides
132
Glucagon _______ the blood glucose levels
1. Lowers
2. Raises
2. Raises
133
```
FSH and LH are produced by the:
A. Hypothalamus
B. Ant pituitary
C. Pos pituitary
D. Gonads (testes
and ovaries)
```
B. Ant pituitary
134
Gonads – ovaries and testes are controlled by the _____ and the ______
hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
135
Testes produce ________
testosterone.
136
Ovaries produce ________
estrogen and progesterone
137
Effects of Testosterone
During development, testosterone is stimulates
growth of male reproductive organs
Responsible for male secondary sex
characteristics.
Prompts larynx & vocal cords to enlarge.
Responsible for muscular strength of males.
Promotes sperm production
138
Gonads - Estrogen and progesterone effects:
During development, stimulates growth of female
reproductive organs
Responsible for secondary sex characteristics.
Necessary for egg maturation.
Regulates ovarian and uterine cycles.
139
Location of Pineal Gland:
Brain
140
Pineal gland secretes the hormone:
Melatonin
141
Function of melatonin:
```
Involved in our daily sleep-wake
cycle. (circadian rhythms)
Regulates sexual development.
May play a role SAD – seasonal affect
disorder
```
142
What hormones are released by the kidney?
Erythropoietin
| Renin
143
Erythropoietin function:
stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
144
Renin Function:
through a series of reactions, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone which increase blood pressure.
145
Aldosterone is secreted by:
Adr. Cortex
146
Aldosterone target is:
Kidney
147
Aldosterone Function is:
Promotes reabsorption of water by the kidneys, increasing blood pressure
148
Cortisol is produced/released from:
Adrenal Cortex
149
Cortisol Target:
Muscle, adipose tissue, immune system
150
Cortisol Function:
influences carbohydrate, protein, & fat metabolism, suppress the immune system
151
Growth hormone is released/produced by:
Ant. Pituitary
152
Growth hormone target:
Bones, muscle, cartilage
153
Growth Hormone Function:
promotes skeletal and muscular growth
154
A steroid hormone would likely result in which of the following:
A. Cell activity like glycogen breakdown
B. Protein production
B. Protein production
