Immune System and Blood Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Function of the Immune System
A
Defend the body against foreign invaders.
Must be able to discriminate between the
body’s own cells and tissues versus
foreign material.
2
Q
An Antigen is :
A
any object or substance that is
perceived as foreign and therefore elicits
an immune response.
3
Q
Antibodies are:
A
proteins produced by B cells in response to an antigen.
4
Q
A Pathogen is:
A
microorganisms and parasites that cause disease.
5
Q
Examples Barrier Defenses:
A
- Skin
- Tears and saliva have lysozyme
- The respiratory tract has cilia and mucus
- The stomach acids
- Beneficial bacteria
- Acidic urine
6
Q
The _______ is an excellent barrier keeping
many things out of the body
A
skin
7
Q
_____ and ______ have lysozymes which are enzymes that can kill bacteria.
A
Tears and saliva
8
Q
The respiratory tract has _____ and _____ that help to transport foreign
things out of the respiratory system
A
cilia and mucus
9
Q
The_______ has acids that help kill bacteria
A
stomach
10
Q
Beneficial bacteria in the _____ and ______ out compete harmful
bacteria
A
large intestine and vagina
11
Q
Acidic urine kills bacteria and washes bacteria from the _____
A
urethra
12
Q
Which of the following is not a barrier defense?
- Skin
- Tears
- Antibodies
- Stomach acid
A
- Antibodies
13
Q
Two Types of Immune Defense:
A
Nonspecific defenses
Specific defenses
14
Q
Nonspecific defenses are:
A
Parts of the immune system that attack
any antigen (cell or object it identifies as
foreign)
15
Q
Specific defenses are:
A
Other immune cells will only respond to
one particular antigen
16
Q
Which defense leads to acquired immunity:
A
Specific defenses
17
Q
acquired immunity definition:
A
a long lasting protection from that particular antigen
18
Q
Non Specific Defenses examples:
A
- Immune system cells
- Inflammatory response
- Proteins
19
Q
If our body comes in contact with an antigen,
it “remembers” that antigen so the next time __________
A
it comes in contact with it, the body can quickly
mount a defense.
20
Q
To defend against foreign invaders, the body needs to ________
A
identify its own cells.
21
Q
All the cells in your body have proteins in their plasma membrane that ______
A
identify it as part of you body.
22
Q
The proteins in the plasma membrane that identify it as part of your
body are called : _______
A
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers
23
Q
Your MHC markers are ______
A
unique to you
24
Q
In the specific defenses there are two ways
we fight invaders what are they:
A
Antibody-mediated immunity , Cell-mediated immunity
25
B cells are examples of :
Antibody-mediated immunity
26
T cells are examples of :
Cell-mediated immunity
27
There are two types of specific defense
| lymphocytes they are:
B Cells - specific defense
| T Cells - specific defense
28
T cells are produced in the _____
bone marrow
29
T-cells travel to the ______ where they develop into mature T Cells.
thymus
30
T cells are important in the ________ of our acquired immunity.
cell-mediated part
31
B cells are produced in the ______-
bone marrow
32
Where do B cells mature?
The bone marrow
33
B cells are important in _______-
antibody-mediated immunity
34
Both mature B cells and T cells will go to the
| ______ and ______
lymphatic system and the circulatory system
35
Where are lymphocytes produced?
1. Spleen
2. Thymus
3. Lymph nodes
4. Bone
4. Bone
36
```
An object that is perceived as foreign and
illicits an immune response.
1. Pathogen
2. Antigen
3. Antibody
```
2. Antigen
37
Antibodies are :
proteins that circulate through
the body and bind onto a particular antigen
(foreign object)
38
Antibodies start out as ______ on the
surface of _____. The antibody is specific –
it only bind with one type of antigen.
receptors , B cells
39
Antibodies are released from _____ and circulate throughout the body.
B cells
40
What process produces RNA?
A. Replication
B. Translation
C. transcription
C. transcription
41
An antibody is specific to a particular _________
antigen
42
The B cells have DNA sequences that are constantly being ______ to create new B cells with new types of receptors.
“shuffled"
43
DNA is transcribed to make ______
mRNA
44
mRNA is translated to make _______
proteins
45
each B cell only have _____ type of receptor.
one
46
When a B cell receptor comes into contact with the antigen it is specific for, the B cell starts to ___________
make identical copies of itself through mitosis
47
The copies B cells start to make are called clones also known as ______
clonal selection.
48
Some of these B cells will shed their receptors called:
Plasma cells
49
Other B cells will keep their receptors, and will remain in the body, ready to defend against the antigen in the future these are called:
Memory cells
50
B cells are produced in the _______ and _______ in the bone marrow
bone marrow, mature
51
B cells have receptors in the _______
plasma membrane
52
B cells that shed their receptors are ________
plasma B cells
53
B cells that keep their receptors and remain in the blood are ______
memory B cells
54
The antibodies that are free floating in your body will _____ to the ______
bind to the antigen
55
Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:
To mark it so the body knows to destroy it with its
________
nonspecific defenses
56
Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:
Attracts _______ to the area that will engulf and destroy the antigen
phagocytes
57
Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:
Coats the ______, making it easier to phagocytize.
antigen
58
Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:
Binds the antigens, causing them to clump together –
this will cause them to _______
fall out of solution.
59
Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen
Neutralize ______ and ________
toxins and viruses.
60
Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen
Activate the _______ which cause the bacteria to lyse open.
complement proteins
61
T cells are important players in _____ immunity
cell-mediated immunity.
62
There are two types of T cells
Helper (CD4) T cells
| Killer (cytotoxic) T cells
63
Macrophages can also be ________ which pick up antigens (foreign material) and they bring them to the lymph nodes and the spleen.
antigen presenting cells (APCs)
64
The _______ and _______ store huge numbers of immune system cells.
lymph nodes and spleen
65
What does it mean when a helper T cell is activated?
it starts to make copies or clones of itself.
66
The helper T cells activate _______ to also start making clones
cytotoxic T cells
67
How does a helper T cell become activated?
When a helper T cell meets a APC cell with the correct antigen
68
The helper T cells activate ______-
B cells
69
The _____ T cells kill the cancer cells and infected cells or organ transplant cells
cytotoxic T cells
70
These B cells shed their receptors, making
antibodies
1. Memory cells
2. Plasma cells
2. Plasma cells
71
T cells are produced in the
1. Bone
2. Thymus
3. Thyroid
4. Spleen
2. Bone
72
These cells are important in the antibody mediated response
A. T cells
B. B cells
B. B cells
73
```
B cells mature in the :
A. bone
B. Thymus
C. Thyroid
D. Spleen
```
A. bone
74
```
Where are T cells produced:
A. Bone
B. thymus
C. Thyroid
D. Spleen
```
A. Bone
75
Immune system cells examples:
```
A. Neutrophils
B. Monocytes/Macrophages
C. Basophils and mast cells
D. Eosinophils
E. Natural killer cells
```
76
When the body is injured or damaged then the body mounts an ________
inflammatory response.
77
Mast cells in the tissue release _______
histamines.
78
Histamines cause:
blood vessels to dilate and make the vessels more permeable
79
Increased blood flow causes increased _________
temperature and redness.
80
In an inflammatory response, The blood vessels are more _____ so the defense cells, fluid and proteins can pass out of the vessels to the site of injury.
permeable
81
Platelets Function:
aid in blood clotting
82
White Blood Cells (WBC) function –
fight infection
83
Red Blood Cells (RBC) function:
carry oxygen
84
Stem cells ________
give rise to all the formed elements
85
Stem cells are located in the _________
red bone marrow
86
Platelets, WBCs, and RBCs are examples of ______ elements
formed
87
Platelets are also called ________
thrombocytes
88
Platelets are fragments of larger precursor cells called _______
megakaryocytes
89
Platelets Function:
Essential to blood clotting
90
```
In the inflammatory response, these cells in the tissue release histamines
A. T cells
B. B cells
C. Mast cells
D. Basophils
E. Eosinophil
F. Neutrophil
G. Erythrocyte
H. Monocyte
I. Lymphocyte
```
C. Mast cells
91
Histamines have this effect on blood vessels:
A. Dilate
B. constrict
A. Dilate
92
Histamines have this effect on blood vessels:
they cause them to be more or less leaky
(permeable)
A. More
B. Less
A. More
93
Platelets play a role in _______
blood clotting
94
White blood cells (WBCs) – also called _________
leukocytes
95
White blood cells (WBCs) Functions:
Help defend the body against disease
Remove wastes, toxins, and damaged and
abnormal cells
96
Some white blood cells, squeeze through pores in the capillary
wall therefore are also found in ____ fluid and in______
tissue, lymphatic system
97
Neutrophils are the ______
Most abundant
98
Which type of white blood cell is the first to respond to an infection:
Neutrophil
99
Phagocytes function:
engulf microbes (bacteria).
100
Eosinophils Defend against ________
parasitic worms
101
Eosinophils Lessen the severity of ________ and _______
allergies and asthma
102
Basophils Release ________
histamine
103
Histamine is a a chemical that __________
attracts other white blood cells
104
Histamine Causes the blood vessels to _____ and become more _____
dilate, permeable
105
Basophils Also play a role in some _________
allergic reactions
106
Mast cells are similar to basophils but are found in ______
tissues
107
Monocytes is the ______ of the formed elements
largest
108
Monocytes develop into _______
macrophages
109
macrophages are:
Phagocytic cells that engulf invading
| microbes, dead cells, and cellular debris
110
Three types of Lymphocytes :
1. B-cells protect us by producing antibodies
2. T-cells destroy any cell that is foreign
3. Natural Killer cells attack virus infected cells
and tumor cells
111
These WBCs release histamines
1. Eosinophils
2. Basophils
3. Neutrophils
4. Lymphocytes
2. Basophils
112
These WBCs fight parasite infections
1. Eosinophils
2. Basophils
3. Neutrophils
4. Lymphocytes
1. Eosinophils
113
The largest WBCs are
1. Lymphocyte
2. Eosinophils
3. Monocytes
4. Neutrophils
3. Monocytes
114
Red blood cells (RBCs) are also called ______
erythrocytes
115
RBCs are the _______ of the formed elements
Most numerous
116
RBCs transport ________ to the rest of the cells
oxygen
117
RBC's carry about _____ of the total carbon dioxide
23%
118
RBCs are shaped like ________ and are very flexible
biconcave disks
119
Mature RBCs have no ______
nucleus
120
RBCs contain _____-
Hemoglobin
121
Hemoglobin is a protein that binds to _____, making oxyhemoglobin
oxygen
122
When the body detects a low level of oxygen, the kidneys produce a hormone called _____
erythropoietin
123
The kidneys release erythropoietin when:
body detects a low level of oxygen
124
Erythropoietin is a hormone that ________
speeds up maturation of stem cells that are in the process of becoming RBC.
125
The target of erythropoietin is ________
the bone marrow, where red blood cells are formed
126
What hormone increases production of RBC
1. Renin
2. Erythropoietin
3. Leptin
4. RBCH
2. Erythropoietin
127
Which of the following produces erythropoietin
1. Bone marrow
2. Kidneys
3. Anterior Pituitary
4. Hypothalamus
128
An object that is perceived as foreign and elicits an immune response is a(n)
A. Pathogen
B. Antibody
C. Antigen
C. Antigen
129
Which of the following cells produce antibodies?
A. B cells
B. neutrophils
C Natural Killer Cells
D T cells
A. B cells
