endocrine system Flashcards
1
Q
the endocrine system uses __; the nervous system uses __
A
hormones; neurotransmitters
2
Q
pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell
A
gap junctions
3
Q
released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell
A
neurotransmitters
4
Q
secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells
A
paracrines
5
Q
chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs
A
hormones
6
Q
glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones
A
endocrine system
7
Q
study of this system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders
A
endocrinology
8
Q
organs that are traditional sources of hormones
A
endocrine glands
9
Q
chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often distance away
A
hormones
10
Q
pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, trachea, gonads (ovary, testis)
A
organs of endocrine system
11
Q
exocrine glands have __; endocrine glands do NOT
A
ducts
12
Q
carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract “external secretions”
A
exocrine glands
13
Q
extracellular effects (food digestion)
A
exocrine gland
14
Q
contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream
A
endocrine gland
15
Q
“internal secretions” intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism
A
endocrine gland
16
Q
both nervous and endocrine systems serve for
A
internal communiication
17
Q
nervous system reacts __ and stops __
A
quickly (ms timescale)
18
Q
endocrine system reacts __, effect may continue for days or longer
A
slowly (seconds or days)
19
Q
nervous system adaptation to long-term stimuli
A
response declines (adapts quickly)
20
Q
endocrine system adaptation to long-term stimuli
A
response persists (adapts slowly)
21
Q
system that is targeted and specific to one organ
A
nervous system
22
Q
system that has general, widespread effects (many organs)
A
endocrine system
23
Q
what chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters
A
norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
24
Q
both norepinephrine and glucagon cause
A
glycogen hydrolysis in liver
25
nervous and endocrine systems have similar effects on target cells and can
regulate each other
26
neurotransmitters can affect glands, and hormones can affect
neurons
27
neuroendocrine cells share characteristics with
nervous and endocrine systems
28
neuron-like cells that secrete oxytocin into blood
neuroendocrine cells
29
organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone and can respond to it
target organs or cells
30
some target cells possess __ that convert a circulating hormone to its more active form
enzymes
31
forms floor and walls of third ventricle of brain
hypothalamus
32
regulates primitive functions from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth
hypothalamus
33
functions carried out by pituitary gland
hypothalamus
34
__ suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk- infundibulum
the pituitary gland
35
housed in sella turcica of sphenoid bone; size and shape of kidney bean
hypothalamus
36
hypothalamus is composed of 2 structures with independent origins and separate functions
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
37
constitutes anterior 3 quarters of pituitary
anterior pituitary
38
linked to hypothalamus by hypophysical portal system
anterior pituitary
39
primary capillaries in hypothalamus connected to secondary capillaries in adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) by
portal venules
40
__ hormones regulate adenohypophysis cells
hypothalamic
41
constitutes the posterior one-quarter of the pituitary
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
42
nerve tissue, not a true gland
posterior pituitary
43
thyrotrpoin-releasing hormone produced by hypothalamus
- corticotropin-releasing produced by hypothalamus
- gonadotropin-releasing
TRH
CRH
(GnRh)
44
hormones produced by hypothalamus
- growth-hormone releasing
- prolactin-inhibiting
- somastostatin
- oxytocin
GHRH
PIH
OT
45
__are releasing hormones that promote anterior pituitary secretion of TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH
TRH, CRH, GnRH, and GHRH
46
inhibits secretion of prolactin
PIH
47
inhibits secretion of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
somatostatin
48
hypothalamic hormones stored and released by posterior pituitary
oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
49
anterior lobe of the pituitary synthesizes and secretes six principal hormones:
FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, GH
50
stimuates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production (targets gonads)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) anterior lobe of pituitary
51
stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone (target gonads)
luteinizing hormone (LH) anterior lobe of pituitary
52
stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) anterior pituitary
53
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) anterior pituiatry
54
after birth, stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk
prolactin (PRL) anterior pituitary
55
stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation
growth hormone (GH) anterior pituitary
56
two hormones produced in hypothalamus and transported to the posterior lobe; released when hypothalamic neurons are stimulated
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin (OT)
57
increases water retention, reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) posterior pituitary
58
also called vasopressin bc it can cause vasoconstriction
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) posterior pituitary
59
released during sexual arousal and orgasm, promotes feelings and emotional bonding between partners
oxytocin (OT) posterior pituitary
60
stimulates labor contractions and flow of milk during lactation; may promote emotional bonding between mother and infant
oxytocin (OT) posterior pituitary
61
rates of pituitary secretion are
not constant
62
__ is regulated by hypothalamus, other brain areas, and feedback from target organs
pituitary secretion
63
__ monitors conditions and influences anterior pituitary accordingly (hypotHALAMIC and cerebral control)
brain
64
in time of stress, hypothalamus triggers release of
ACTH
65
during pregnancy, hypothalamus triggers
prolactin secretion
66
controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes
posterior pituitary
67
hypothalamic osmoreceptors triggers release of __ when they detect a rise in blood osmolarity
ADH
68
infant suckling triggers hypothalamic response to release
oxytocin
69
increased target organ hormone levels inhibit release of hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones
negative feedback
70
stretching of uterus increases OT release, causes contractions, causing more stretching of uterus until delivery
positive feedback
71
growth hormones has many effects on
cartilage, bone, muscle, and fat
72
__ induces liver to produce growth stimulants
growth hormone
73
protein synthesis and lipid metabolism increases, carbohydrate metabolism, electrolyte balance are effects of
growth hormones
74
bone growth, thickening, and remodeling influenced are effects of
growth hormone
75
levels decline gradually with age
growth hormone
76
lack of __ contributes to aging of tissues and wrinkling of the skin
protein synthesis
77
attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum
pineal gland
78
after age 7, it undergoes involution (shrinkage)
pineal gland
79
plays a role ion 3 systems: endocrine, lymphatic, immune
thymus
80
bilobed gland in the mediastinum superior to the heart; goes through shrinkage after puberty
thymus
81
site of maturation of Tcells important in immune defense
thymus
82
secretes hormones that stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes
thymus
83
largest gland that is purely endocrine
thyroid gland
84
composes of 2 lobes and an isthmus below the larynx
thyroid gland
85
dark reddish brown color due to rich blood supply
thyroid gland
86
sacs that make up most of thyroid
thyroid follicles
87
thyroid follicles contain
protein-rich colloid
88
secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine in response to TSH
thyroid gland
89
cells located in thyroid gland that secrete calcitonin with rising blood calcium
parafollicular cells
90
stimulates osteoclast activity and bone formation in children
parafollicular cells
91
increases metabolic rate, 02, consumption, heat production, appetite, growth hormone secretion, alertness, and reflex speed
thyroid gland
92
usually 4 glands partially embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
93
can be found from as high as hyoid bone to as low as aortic arch
parathyroid glands
94
secretes parathyroid hormone
parathyroid glands
95
increases blood calcium levels, promotes synthesis of calcitriol
parathyroid gland
96
- increases absorption of calcium
- decreases urinary excretion
- increases bone resorption
parathyroid hormone
97
has dual nature acting as an endocrine gland and ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system
adrenal medulla
98
innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers
adrenal medulla
99
the adrenal medulla consists of modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons called
chromaffin cells
100
when stimulated, release catecholamines and a trace of dopamine directly into the bloodstream
adrenal medulla
101
increases alertness and prepare body for physical activity
catecholamines in adrenal medulla
102
increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, pulmonary airflow, and metabolic rate
adrenal medulla
103
decrease digestion and urine production
adrenal medulla
104
surrounds medulla and secretes several corticosteroids (hormones) from 3 layers of glandular tissue
adrenal cortex
105
layers of glandular tissue in adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa (thin, outer layer)
- zona fasciculata (thick, middle layer)
- zona reticularis (narrow, inner layer)
106
cells arranged in rounded clusters, regulates the body's electrolyte balance
zona glomerulosa in adrenal cortex
107
cells arranged in fascicles separated by capillaries
zona fasciculata in adrenal cortex
108
cells in branching network, secretes sex steroids
zona reticularis in adrenal cortex
109
from zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids
110
steroid hormones that regulate electrolyte balance
mineralocorticoids
111
__ stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion
aldosterone
112
water is retained with sodium by __, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained
osmosis
113
regulates metabolism of glucose and other fuels, helps body adapt to stress and repair tissues
glucocorticoids in adrenal cortex
114
release of fatty acids and glucose into blood
glucocorticoids
115
2 sex steroids
androgens and estradiol
116
medulla and cortex of adrenal gland are not functionally
independent
117
medulla atrophies (waste away) without the stimulation of
cortisol
118
zona glomerulosa secretes
mineralocorticoids
119
zona fasciculata secretes
glucocorticoids and androgens
120
secreted by zona fasciculata and zona reticulata in response to ACTH
glucocorticoids
121
secreted by zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
sex steroids
122
set libido throughout life; large role in prenatal male development
androgens
123
important after menopause for sustaining adult bone mass
estradiol
124
secreted by alpha cells or glucagon cells
glucagon
125
released between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling
glucagon
126
in adipose tissue, stimulates fat catabolism and release of free fatty acids
glucagon
127
provides cells with raw material for gluconeogenesis and promotes amino acid absorption
glucagon
128
insulin secreted by
beta cells
129
stimulates cells to absorb these nutrients and store or metabolize them, lowering blood glucose levels
insulin
130
brain, liver, kidneys, and RBCs absorb glucose without
insulin
131
somatostatin secreted by
delta cells
132
inhibits nutrients digestion and absorption which prolongs absorption of nutrients
somatostatin
133
__ hormones raise blood glucose concentration
hyperglycemic
134
__ hormones lowers blood glucose
hypoglycemic
135
ovaries and testes are both
endocrine and exocrine
136
whole cells-eggs and sperm (cytogenic glands)
exocrine product
137
gonadal hormones-mostly steroids
endocrine product
138
estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin are
ovarian hormones
139
testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin are
testicular hormones
140
testes are __ tubules that produce sperm
seminiferous
141
tubule wall of testes contain sustentacular cells called
Sertoli cells
142
Leydig cells lie in clusters between __ of testes
tubules
143
testosterone and other steroids from interstitial cells nestled between the tubules
testicular hormones
144
stimulates development of male reproductive system in fetus, adolescent, and sex drive
testicular hormones
145
keratinocytes convert a cholesterol-like steroid into cholecalciferol using UV from sun
skin
146
secretes angiotensinogen (a prohormone) and converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol
liver
147
stimulates bone marrow, controls action of growth hormone
liver
148
promotes intestinal absorption of iron
hepcidin (of liver)
149
convert calcidiol to calcitriol (vitamin D), secretes renin, produces 85% of erythropoietin
kidneys
150
atrial muscle secretes 2 natriuretic peptides in response to an increase in blood pressure
heart
151
__ peptides of heart decrease blood volume and pressure by increasing Na+ and __ output and oppose action of angiotensin 11
natriuretic, H20
152
stomach and small intesine secrete at lease 10 __ hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells
enteric
153
coordinates digestive motility and glandular secretion
stomach and small intestine
154
adipose tissue secretes at least hormones including __ and slows __
leptin, apetite
155
osteocalcin secreted by __
osteoblasts
156
secretes estrogen and progesterone
placenta
157
regulates pregnancy, stimulates development of fetus and mammary glands
placenta
158
__ are synthesized in the same way as any protein
peptides
159
gene is transcribed to mRNA; assembled from amino acids at ribosome
peptides
160
__ and __ may modify peptide to form mature hormone
rough ER and Golgi
161
synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan
melatonin (a monoamine)
162
nerve fibers supply some endocrine glands and elicit the release of their hormones
neural stimuli
163
the __ nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in situations of stress
sympathetic (neural stimuli)
164
in childbirth, nerve signals originate from stretch receptors in the uterus, travel up the spinal cord and brainstem to the hypothalamus, and stimulate the release of __
oxytocin (neural stimuli)
165
hormones from the hypothalamus regulate secretion by the anterior pituitary gland
hormonal stimuli
166
pituitary hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release thyroid hormone, sex hormones, and cortisol
hormonal stimuli
167
refers to blood-borne stimuli
humoral stimuli
168
rising blood glucose concentration stimulates the release of __ in humoral stimuli
insulin
169
low blood osmolarity stimulates the secretion of __ in humoral stimuli
aldosterone
170
low blood calcium levels stimulates the secretion of __ hormone in humoral stimuli
parathyroid
171
stored in secretory vesicles of the endocrine cell until needed and released by exocytosis when the cells receives stimulus to do so
peptide hormones and catecholamines
172
are not stored in vesicles or released by exocytosis
steroid hromones
173
diffuses freely through plasma membranes
thyroid hormone
174
most monoamines and peptides are __, they mix easily with blood plasma
hydrophilic
175
steroids and thyroid hormones are __, bind to transport proteins
hydrophobic
176
__ proteins protect circulating hormones from being broken down by enzymes in plasma and liver
transport
177
thyroid hormone binds to 3 transport proteins in plasma
albumin, thyretin, thyroxine-binding globulin
178
steroid hormones bind to
globulins
179
hormones stimulate only the cells that have __ for them
receptors
180
receptors are __ or __ molecules
protein or glycoprotein
181
receptors are on plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm or the
nucleus
182
peptides and catecholamines cannot __ target cell
penetrate
183
steroids and thyroid hormones penetrate __ and bind to internal receptors
plasma membrane
184
estrogen binds to nuclear receptors in cells of
uterus
185
___ hormone enters target cell by ATP- dependent transport protein
thyroid
186
most hormones are taken up and degraded by liver and kidney
excreted in bile or urine
187
excess cortisol secretion
cushing syndrome
188
insulin is used to treat
type 1 diabetes mellitus
189
treated with weight loss program and exercise
type 2 diabetes mellitus
190
cells cannot absorb glucose
pathogenesis
