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respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of respiratory system

A

gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid base balance, blood pressure regulation, blood and lymph flow, platelet production, blood filtration

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2
Q

principal organs

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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3
Q

facial part is shaped by bone and hyaline cartilage

A

nose

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4
Q

muscular funnel extending about 5 in. from choanae to larynx

A

pharynx (throat)

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5
Q

cartilaginous chamber about 4 cm (l.5 in.) long

A

larynx (voice box)

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6
Q

keeps food and drink out of airway

A

larynx

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7
Q

rigid tube, anterior to esophagus, 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

A

trachea

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8
Q

lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

trachea

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9
Q

crowded by adjacent organs, does fill entire ribcage, not symmetrical

A

lungs

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10
Q

arise from fork of trachea, supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

A

main bronchi

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11
Q

trace the flow of air from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli

A

nose-nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-trachea- carina-primary bronchus-secondary bronchus-terminal bronchus- respiratory bronchioles -alveoli

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12
Q

highly organized hyaline cartilage, incomplete rings to allow esophagus to expand when eating

A

trachea

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13
Q

muscles in forced expiration

A

rectus abdominis, internal intercostals, abdominal, and pelvic muscles

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14
Q

greatly increased abdominal pressure pushes viscera up against diaphragm increasing thoracic pressure, forcing air out; important for “abdominal breathing”

A

forced expiration

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15
Q

energy saving passive process achieved by the elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage

A

normal quiet respiration

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16
Q

as muscles relax, structures recoil to original shape and original (smaller) size of thoracic cavity

A

normal quiet respiration

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17
Q

inspiration:

A

inhaling

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18
Q

expiration:

A

exhaling

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19
Q

prime mover of repiration

A

diaphragm (contracts to flat shape)

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20
Q

breathing is controlled at what two levels of the brain

A

cerebral and conscious; unconscious and automatic

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21
Q

automatic, unconscious breathing is controlled by respiratory centers in the reticular formation

A

medulla oblongata and pons

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22
Q

primary generator of the respiratory rhythm, produces a respiratory rhythm of 12 breaths per minute

A

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

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23
Q

in quiet breathing (eupnea), inspiratory neurons fire for about 2 seconds, expiratory neurons fire for 3 seconds

A

ventral respiratory group

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24
Q

modifies the rate and depth of breathing, receives influences from external sources

A

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

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25
one pair of respiratory center in the pons
Pontine respiratory group (PRG)
26
modifies rhythm of VRG by outputs to both VRG and DRG
pontine respiratory group
27
adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep, exercise, vocalization, and emotional responses
pontine respiratory group
28
describes air flow in and out of lungs during ventilation
boyle's law
29
changing volume creates a ___
pressure gradient
30
F is related to the change in ___
pressure over resistance
31
____ pressure falls with more volume and rises with less volume
inter pulmonary
32
slightly negative pressure that exists between the two pleural layers
intrapleural pressure
33
volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, affects expansion of lungs
charles law
34
two factors influence airway resistance:
bronchiole diameter and pulmonary compliance
35
increases airflow, epinephrine and sympathetic stimulation
diameter of the bronchioles
36
decreases airflow, suffocation can occur, histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air, and chemical irritants
bronchoconstriction
37
ease with lungs can expand, reduced by degenerative lung diseases, limited by surface tension of water film inside alveoli
pulmonary compliance
38
conduction zone of airway where there is no gas exchange, can be altered somewhat by sympathetic dilation
anatomic dead space
39
space that is filled with air that cannot exchange with the blood
anatomic dead space
40
important to deduct this amount when calculating alveolar ventilation rate
anatomic dead space
41
volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of breathing (500mL)
tidal volume
42
max inward breath
inspiratory reserve volume
43
max outward breath
expiratory reserve volume
44
air still remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (cannot be expelled)
residual volume
45
air that can be inhaled or exhaled with maximum effort
vital capacity
46
air breathed in normally (normal tidal expiration)
inspiratory capacity
47
maximum air lungs can contain
total lung capacity
48
air remaining after normal breath
functional residual capacity
49
relaxed, quiet breathing
eupnea
50
temporary cessation of breathing (one or more skipped breaths)
apnea
51
labored, gasping breathing;shortness of breath
dyspnea
52
increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions
hyperpnea
53
increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand, frequently associated with anxiety
hyperventilation
54
reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in blood CO2
hypoventilation
55
deep, rapid breathing often included by acidosis
kussmaul respiration
56
dyspnea that occurs when person is lying down
orthopnea
57
permanent cessation of breathing
respiratory arrest
58
accelerated respiration
tachypnea
59
the separate contribution of each gas mixture
partial pressure
60
alveolar air mixes with
residual air
61
air is humidified by contact with
mucous membranes
62
___ exchanges O2 and CO2 with blood
alveolar air
63
inspired air mixes with air left from the previous
respiratory cycle
64
gases diffuse down their own gradients until the ___ of each gas in the air is __ to its partial pressure in water
partial pressure; equal
65
at the air- water interface, for a given temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility and its partial pressure in air
henrys law
66
the greater the PO2 in the ___, the more O2 the blood picks up
alveolar air
67
behaves independently, one __ does not influence the diffusion of another
gas
68
for __ to get into the blood, it muust dissolve in this water and pass through the respiratory membrane separating the air from the bloodstream
oxygen
69
must pass the other way and then diffuse out of the water film into the alveolar air
for carbon dioxide to leave blood
70
less gradient, less __ diffuses into blood. more gradient, more __ diffuses into blood
oxygen
71
process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa
gas transport
72
oxygen in
98.5% bound to hemoglobin and 1.5% dissolved in plasma
73
90% is hydrated to form carbonic acid, 5% is bound to proteins, and 5% is dissolved as a gas in plasma
carbon dioxide transport
74
70% of CO2 comes form carbonic acid, 23% comes from proteins, and 7%comes straight from plasma
carbon dioxide exchange
75
specialized for oxygen transport, has 4 protein (globin) portions
hemoglobin
76
O2 bound to hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
77
hemoglobin with no O2
deoxyhemoglobin
78
1 can carry up 4 O2, each has a heme group, binds one O2 to an iron atom
hemoglobin
79
carbon dioxide is transported in 3 forms:
gas dissolved in plasma, carbonic acid dissolved in plasma, carbamino compounds
80
4 factors adjust rate of oxygen unloading to match need:
ambient PO2, temperature, ambient pH, bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
81
O2 is released from Hb, active tissue has (down arrow) PO2
ambient PO2
82
active tissue has (up arrow) CO2, lower pH of blood, promotes O2 unloading
ambient pH (bohr effect)
83
RBCs produce this, which binds to Hb; O2 in unloaded
bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
84
 body temp (fever), thyroxine, growth hormone, testosterone, and epinephrine all raise BPG and promote O2 unloading
bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
85
active tissues has this, promotes O2 unloading
temperature
86
__ unloads O2 to match metabolic needs of different states of activity of the tissues
hemoglobin
87
rate of __ loading also adjusted to meet needs
CO2
88
rate and depth of breathing adjust to maintin
arterial blood levels
89
pH =
7.35 to 7.45
90
PCO2
40mmHg
91
PO2
95mm Hg
92
brainstem respiratory centers receive input from central and ___ that monitor composition of CSF and blood
peripheral chemoreceptors
93
most ___ for breathing is pH, followed by CO2, and least significant is O2
potent stimulus
94
deficiency of oxygen or the inability to use oxygen, a consequence of respiratory disease
hypoxia
95
state of low arterial PO2, usually due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange
hypoxemic hypoxia
96
inadequate circulation of blood (congestive heart failure)
ischemic hypoxia
97
due to inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen
anemic hypoxia
98
metabolic poisons (cyanide) prevents O2 use in tissue
histotoxic hypoxia
99
blueness of the skin, (sign of hypoxia)
cyanosis

A & P (17 decks)

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