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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Hormones – chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands

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2
Q

What are target cells?

A

Target cells – cells that have receptors for a hormone

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3
Q

What are some organs of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Pineal gland
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pituitary gland
  4. Thyroid gland
  5. Parathyroid gland
  6. Thymus
  7. Adrenal gland
  8. Pancreas
  9. Gonads:
    i. Testis
    ii. Ovary
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4
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A
  1. Steroid hormones
  2. Monoamines (made from a specific amino acid)
  3. Peptide hormones
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5
Q

Name some types of hormone secretion stimuli

A

Neural stimuli – Nerve fibers elicit release of hormones

Hormonal stimuli – Specific stimulating or inhibiting hormones control hormone release

Humoral stimuli – Response to changing levels of certain ions and molecules in blood

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6
Q

How do peptide hormones effect their target cells?

A
  1. Bind to surface receptors
  2. Intracellular processes argue activated
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7
Q

Name 3 types of hormone interactions

A

Antagonistic
Synergistic
Permissive

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of steroid hormones.

A
  1. Sex steroids
  2. Corticosteroids
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9
Q

2 examples of Monoamine hormones

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Epinephrine
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10
Q

2 examples of peptide hormones

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Oxytocin
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11
Q

Describe the pituitary gland

A

Protrusion off bottom of the hypothalamus at base of brain

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12
Q

Name the divisions of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior
Posterior

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13
Q

Name some hypothalamic hormones

A

Thyrotropin –releasing hormone (TRH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Growth- hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Somatostatin- growth hormone inhibiting hormone

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14
Q

NE hormone and it’s source is?

A

Norepinephrine

Source: Adrenal Medulla

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15
Q

OT hormone and its source is?

A

Oxytocin
Source: Posterior pituitary

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16
Q

PIH Harmon and it’s source is?

A

Prolactin inhibiting hormones (dopamine)

Source: hypothalamus

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17
Q

PRL hormone, and its source is?

A

Prolactin
Source: anterior pituitary

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18
Q

PTH hormone and its source is?

A

Parathyroid hormone
Source: parathyroids

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19
Q

T3 hormone, and its source is?

A

Triiodothyronine
Source: thyroid

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20
Q

T4 hormone, and its source is?

A

Tetraiodothyronine
Source: thyroid

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21
Q

TRH hormone and its source is?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Source: hypothalamus

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22
Q

TSH hormone and its source is?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone
Source: anterior pituitary

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23
Q

ADH hormone and its source is?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin)
Source: anterior pituitary

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24
Q

ACTH hormone and its source is?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)
Source: posterior pituitary

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25
Q

CRH hormone and its source is?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone
Source: hypothalamus

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26
Q

DHEA hormone and it’s source is?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone
Source: adrenal cortex

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27
Q

EPO hormone and its source is?

A

Erythropoietin
Source: kidneys, liver

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28
Q

FSH hormone and its source is?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Source: anterior pituitary

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29
Q

GH hormone and it’s source is?

A

Growth hormone (somatotropin)
Source: anterior pituitary

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30
Q

GHRH hormone and its source is?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Source: hypothalamus

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31
Q

GnRH hormone and it’s source is?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Source: hypothalamus

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32
Q

IGF’s hormones and its source is?

A

Insulin like growth factors (somatomedins)
Source: liver, other tissues

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33
Q

LH hormone and its source?

A

Luteinizing hormone
Source: anterior pituitary

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34
Q

How do steroid hormones effect their cells?

A
  1. Freely enter target cells
  2. Bind to receptors in the nucleus
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35
Q

Describe an antagonistic hormonal reaction.

A

One hormone opposes the other

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36
Q

Describe a synergistic hormonal effect.

A

Two or more hormones act together to produce a greater effect

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37
Q

Describe a permissive hormonal effect.

A

One hormone, enhances target organs response to the second hormone.

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38
Q

Name 5 of the major organs of the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pancreas
Gonads (testes,ovary)
Adrenal gland
Pineal gland
Thymus

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39
Q

Name two differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

A

The nervous system communicates by electrical impulses and neurotransmitters, endocrine uses hormones

Nervous system has local specific effects endocrine has general widespread effects

Nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses, endocrine releases hormones into the bloodstream

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40
Q

Name the divisions of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior and posterior

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41
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

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42
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain

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43
Q

What is the function of the hypophysial portal system?

A

It connects to hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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44
Q

Describe the network of the hypophysial portal system

A

Primary capillaries in hypothalamus

Portal venues

Secondary capillaries

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45
Q

Name some hypothalamic hormones

A

Thyrotropin
Corticotropin
Gonadotropin
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Prolactin inhibiting hormones
Somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)

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46
Q

Describe the function of GnRH hormone in the ovary

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Promotes secretion of follicle, stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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47
Q

Describe the effects of TRH hormone

A

Promote secretion of thyroid, stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL)

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48
Q

Describe the effects of CRH hormone

A

Promote secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

49
Q

What’s another name for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis

50
Q

Name some hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Prolactin
Growth hormone

51
Q

What is the target organ of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Adrenal cortex

52
Q

What is the target organs for growth hormone?

A

Liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat

53
Q

What are the effects of the FSH hormone?

A

Female: ovarian, follicle growth, estrogen, secretion

Male: sperm production

54
Q

What are the effects of the LH hormone?

A

Female: ovulation, maintaining corpus luteum

Male: testosterone secretion

55
Q

What are the effects of the ACTH hormone?

A

Growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids

56
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophysis

57
Q

Name some hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)

58
Q

What is another term for the antidiuretic hormones?

A

Vasopressant

59
Q

What is the target organ for the antidiuretic hormone?

A

Kidneys

60
Q

What is the target organs for oxytocin?

A

Uterus, mammary glands

61
Q

What are the effects of ADH hormone? (Think about blood volume)

A

Water retention

62
Q

What are the effects of oxytocin?

A

Labor, contractions, milk release, sperm transport, sexual affection, mother-infant bonding, possibly ejaculation

63
Q

How do target organs, regulate pituitary, and hypothalamus gland?

A

Through negative feedback loops

64
Q

Name some of the mechanisms of the growth hormone and insulin like growth factor hormone interactions. How do they work together to promote growth?

A

Protein synthesis
Lipid metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Electrolyte balance

65
Q

What is the location of the pineal gland?

A

In the posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle in the brain

66
Q

What is the hormone the pineal gland secretes?

A

Melatonin

67
Q

What is the target organ for melatonin secreted by the pineal gland?

A

The brain

68
Q

What is the principal effect of melatonin on the brain?

A

Not certain

May influence mood and sexual maturation

69
Q

What is the location of the thymus?

A

In the mediastinum (center of the chest)

70
Q

What is the hormone secreted by the thymus?

A

Thymosin

71
Q

What is the target organ for the thymosin hormone secreted by the Thymus

A

T lymphocytes

72
Q

What is the effect of the thymosin hormone on T lymphocytes?

A

Stimulates T lymphocytes development and activity

73
Q

What is the location of the thyroid gland?

A

Anterior to the trachea

74
Q

What is the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

Triiodothyronine
Tetraiodothyronine (Thyroxine, T4)
Calcitonin

75
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Reduces blood calcium level deposits calcium in bones

76
Q

What is the target tissue for thyroid hormones?

A

Most issues and bone

77
Q

What are the effects of T3 and T4 hormone?

A

Elevate, metabolic rate and heat production

Increase oxygen consumption by cells

Regulate growth and development

78
Q

What is the location of the parathyroid gland?

A

Embedded in the posterior surface of thyroid gland

79
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid hormone

80
Q

What are the target tissues for the parathyroid hormone?

A

Bone
Kidneys
Small intestines

81
Q

What is the principal effect of the parathyroid hormone?

A

Raises blood calcium levels

82
Q

What is the location of the adrenal gland?

A

On top of each kidney

83
Q

What are the divisions of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex
Medulla

84
Q

What are some hormones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Sex hormones

85
Q

What are the target organs of cortisol?

A

All tissues

86
Q

What is the target organ of aldosterone?

A

Kidneys

87
Q

What are the effects of aldosterone on the kidneys?

A

Reabsorb sodium, excretes, potassium

Maintains blood pressure and volume

88
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on the body?

A

Raises blood glucose level
Stimulates breakdown of proteins

89
Q

What are the effects of the sex hormones?

A

Stimulates reproductive organs
Bring about sex characteristics (puberty)

90
Q

Name some hormones of the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

91
Q

What are the target organs for epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Cardiac and other muscles

92
Q

What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Released in emergency situations
Raises blood glucose levels

93
Q

What is the location of the pancreas?

A

Below and behind her stomach

94
Q

Name some hormone secreted by the pancreas

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Gastrin

95
Q

What are the target organs for insulin and glucagon?

A

Liver
Muscles
Adipose tissue

96
Q

What are the target organs for somatostatin?

A

Pancreatic alpha and beta cells
Stomach
Intestines

97
Q

What is a target organ for the gastrin hormone?

A

The stomach

98
Q

What are the principal effects of insulin?

A

Lowers blood glucose level
Promotes formation of glycogen

99
Q

What is the principal effect of glucagon?

A

Raises blood glucose level
Gluconeogenesis

100
Q

What is the principal effective of somatostatin?

A

Inhibits insulin and glucagon

Modulate digestion, and nutrient absorption

101
Q

What is the principal effect of gastrin?

A

Stimulate acid secretion and gastric motility

102
Q

What is the location of the ovaries?

A

Pelvic cavity

103
Q

Name some hormone secreted by the ovaries

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin

104
Q

What is the source for the hormone inhibin?

A

Anterior pituitary

105
Q

What is the target organ for Estradiol? (Estrogen)

A

Many tissues

106
Q

What are the target organ for progesterone?

A

Uterus
Mammary glands

107
Q

What are the principal effects of estradiol? (Estrogen)

A

Stimulates female sex characteristics

Regulates menstrual cycle

108
Q

What is the principal effect of progesterone?

A

Regulates menstrual cycle

109
Q

What is a principal effect of inhibin?

A

Inhibits FSH secretion

110
Q

What is the location of the testes?

A

in the scrotum

111
Q

What are the hormone secreted by the testes?

A

Testosterone
Inhibin

112
Q

What is the target organ inhibin stimulates to effect the testes?

A

Anterior pituitary

113
Q

What is the target organ for testosterone?

A

Many tissues

114
Q

What are the principal effects of testosterone?

A

Stimulates male sex characteristics

Sperm production

115
Q

What are the principal effects of inhibin in the testes?

A

Inhibits FSH secretion

116
Q

Name the hormone produced by adipose tissue?

A

Leptin

117
Q

Name the hormone produced by osseous tissue.

A

Osteocalcin

118
Q

Name two hormones produced by the placenta

A

Estrogen
Progesterone

119
Q

Name a hormone secreted by the heart

A

Natriuretic peptide

Anatomy (7 decks)

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