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Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The food we eat and the nutrients they contain

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Using the nutrients from food for the body’s function

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3
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

A deficiency in food consumption that adversely affects metabolism

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4
Q

What is Ghrelin and where is it secreted from? And what are its effects on the body?

A
  • Peptide that stimulates appetite
  • Secreted by the parietal cells
  • Stimulates hypothalamus to secrete GHRH, priming body to get ready for incoming nutrients
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5
Q

What is Peptide YY (PYY)? Where is it secreted from Ann what are it’s effects on the body?

A
  • Effect is to signal satiety and terminate eating
  • hormone secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the ileum and colon
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6
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK), where is it secreted and what are its effects?

A
  • Stimulates secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes
  • Secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum and jejunum
  • Stimulates the brain and sensory fibers of the vagus nerve- appetite suppressing
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7
Q

What is Amylin? Where is it secreted from and what are its effects?

A
  • hormone that produces a feeling of satiety and winds down, the digestive activities of stomach
  • Secreted from the beta cells of the pancreatic islets
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8
Q

Name the short term regulators of appetite

A

Grehlin
Peptide YY (PYY)
Cholecystokinin
Amylin

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9
Q

Name the long-term regulators of appetite

A

Leptin
insulin

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10
Q

What is a Leptin? Where is it secreted from? What are its effects?

A

-used by the brain to understand how much fat the body has
- secreted by adipocytes throughout the body
- Levels proportional to one’s fat stores
- Leptin stimulates, sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate adipose tissue, to secrete norepinephrine, which stimulates fat breakdown

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11
Q

Leptin deficiency or a defect in Leptin receptors causes, what in animals

A

Hyperphasia (overeating)
Extreme obesity

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12
Q

What is fat breakdown called

A

Lipolysis

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13
Q

What is a more common factor in obesity regarding Leptin insensitivity?

Receptor defect
Hormone deficiency

A

Receptor defect

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14
Q

What is insulin? Where is it secreted from? What are its affects?

A
  • hormone that stimulates glucose and amino acids uptake
  • promotes glycogen and fat synthesis
  • Secreted by the pancreatic beta cells
  • Has receptors in the brain and also keeps an index of the bodies fat stores, weaker effect than Leptin
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15
Q

What is the name of the brain center for appetite regulation?

A

Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Name the secretions of the 2 neural networks in the arcuate nucleus of the brain involved in hunger

A
  1. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) - appetite stimulant
  2. Melanocortin - inhibits eating
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17
Q

Name two hormones are terminate food intake

A

PYY
CCK

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18
Q

Which hormone stimulates appetite for carbohydrates, fatty foods, proteins?

A

Carbs- norepinephrine
Fatty foods- galanin
Proteins- endorphins

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19
Q

What is a calorie?

A

Amount of heat, that will raise the temperature of 1 g of water, 1°C

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20
Q

What is 1000 cal called

A

Calorie- dietetics
kilocalorie- biochem and physiology

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21
Q

What does the term fuel mean in terms of nutrition?

A

When a chemical is oxidize solely or primarily to extract energy from it

Energy is used to make ATP, this energy then transferred to other physiological processes

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22
Q

What are the six major classes of nutrients?

A

Water carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins

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23
Q

What are the macro nutrients and why are they called macronutrients?

A

Water carbohydrates, lipids proteins

Because they are required in large quantities

Measured in grams per day

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24
Q

What are the macronutrients and why are they called? Micro nutrients

A

Minerals and vitamins
They are required in small quantities

Measured in milligrams to micrograms per day

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25
What are essential nutrients?
These are nutrients the body cannot synthesize but they must be included in the diet
26
What is obesity?
Having more than 20% body weight above the recommended amount for one’s age, sex, height
27
What is a healthy BMI?
20-25
28
How is BMI calculated?
Weight/ height in meters
29
What are some effects of obesity?
Increased risk of: Arthrosclerosis Hypertension Diabetes Joint pain Kidney stones Cancer- breast prostate
30
What is metabolic acidosis in terms of inadequate carbohydrate intake?
In adequate carbohydrate, intake leads to incomplete oxidation of fats which result in ketone bodies
31
What is recommended dietary allowance for carbohydrates?
130 g
32
What are empty calories? Give some examples.
Provide few nutrients Sugar, alcohol
33
Which nutrient yields most energy?
Fats at about 9kcal/g
34
How much energy do carbs and protein yield
4 kcal/g
35
What is the effect of a dietary carb on one’s blood glucose level called?
Glycemic index
36
Most carbohydrate intake should be in the form of?
Starch
37
What is dietary fiber?
Fibrous materials of plant and animal origin that resist digestion
38
What is the RDA for fiber?
25 to 38g
39
Name a water, soluble fiber
Pectin or the carbs, found in peas carrots beans oats
40
Name some water insoluble fibers
Cellulose hemicellulose, lignin
41
What is the effect of water soluble fibers on the body?
Reduces blood cholesterol and LDL levels
42
What is the effect of water insoluble fibers on the body?
No effect on cholesterol or LDL budget swells softening stool an increasing in its bulk Stimulates peristalsis in the colon and quick passage of feces
43
What is the healthy average of fat by weight?
15-25%
44
What accounts for most of the bodies stored energy
Fats
45
Why are fats superior to carbs for energy storage?
1. Carbs- hydrophilic and expand and occupy more space in a tissue, fats hydrophobic, contain no water, and is a more compact source 2. Fats is more oxidizing than carbs and have over twice as much energy
46
Name that effects where fat is consumed instead of protein or glucose to meet the needs of the tissue
Glucose sparing Protein sparing
47
Name the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
48
Phospholipids and cholesterol are structural components of:
1. Plasma membranes 2. Myelin
49
Cholesterol is an important precursor of:
Steroid hormones Bile Acids Vitamin D
50
Thromboplastin is a
- essential blood clotting factor - Lipoprotein
51
Roles of fat:
1. Metabolic 2. Structural 3. Protection 4. Insulation
52
What percentage of daily caloric intake should fat account for?
35%
53
Describe metabolism?
A process made up of many different chemical pathways
54
Name the three pathways of glucose catabolism
Glycolysis Anaerobic fermentation Aerobic respiration
55
What is glycolysis?
Pathway that splits a glucose molecule into 2 molecules of puruvate
56
What is anaerobic fermentation?
Pathway that reduces pyruvate to lactate without oxygen
57
What is aerobic respiration?
Pathway that oxidizes pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water, requires oxygen
58
What is the role of coenzymes in glucose catabolism?
-Enzymes remove electrons (as hydrogen atoms) from intermediate compounds - hydrogen atoms are transferred to coenzymes instead of binding - coenzymes donate the hydrogen atoms during later stages of pathway
59
What are the two types of metabolism?
Catabolism Anabolism
60
What happens in catabolism?
Food molecules are broken into smaller compounds
61
What happens in anabolism?
Nutrient molecules are built up into larger compounds
62
What is the first process of carbohydrate catabolism and where does it occur?
Glycolysis In the cytoplasm
63
Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
64
Is aerobic respiration aerobic or anaerobic? Where does it occur?
Aerobic Mitochondria
65
What does glycolysis prepare glucose for?
The Krebs cycle
66
Aerobic respiration occurs where in the mitochondria?
In two steps: 1. Matrix reactions- mitochondrial matrix 2. Membrane reactions- in the mitochondrial cristae
67
Describe the matrix reactions in the mitochondria
- Reactions occur once per pyruvate - twice per glucose Carbon atoms stripped away as CO2
68
What is the yield of the matrix reactions in the mitochondria in the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH
69
What is the yield of the citric acid cycle?
6 carbon 6 water Many high energy electrons
70
What is the Net ATP Production
2 ATP from glycolysis 2 ATP from matrix reactions 28 ATP from membrane reactions = 32 ATP per glucose
71
What is glycogenesis
Glucose molecules joined to form a strand of glucose beads
72
What is glycogenolysis
Reversal of glycogenesis Stimulates by glucagon when blood glucose declines

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