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Anatomy > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major divisions of the heart?

A

Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit

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2
Q

The pulmonary circuit carries blood to the ________ for gas exchange and returns it to the ________

A

Lungs
Heart

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3
Q

Blood travels from the _____ side of heart to _______ ________ to pulmonary ________ to _______ to _______ veins to heart.

A

Right
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary veins

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4
Q

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

A

Supplies blood to every organ of the body

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5
Q

Path of the systemic circuit: ______ side of the heart to_______ to _________ arteries to tissues of body to ______ _______ to heart

A

Left
Aorta
Systemic
Vena Cava

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6
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Lies in the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum

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7
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

The apex is the “unstable” part of the heart that rests on the diaphragm, below the base

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8
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

This is the center of the chest

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9
Q

Describe the base of the heart.

A

The base of the heart is laterally, inclined to the right

It is the broader section of the heart

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10
Q

Describe the position of the heart.

A

The base points towards the right shoulder

More than half of the heart is to the left of the median plane

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11
Q

Describe the size and shape of the heart

A

The heart is approximately the size of a fist

The heart what is about 300 g in adults

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12
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

This is a membrane that surrounds the heart

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13
Q

What are the two types of pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

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14
Q

What are the two divisions of the serous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer
Visceral layer

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15
Q

What is another name for the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

The epicardium

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16
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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17
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The outermost layer of the heart wall

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18
Q

Describe the epicardial membrane

A

It is a serous membrane

Consist of a simple squamous epithelium over lying thin loose connective tissue

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19
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

This is the middle layer of the heart wall

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20
Q

Describe the myocardial membrane

A

It is the primary cardiac muscle

It is the thickest layer of the heart wall

It performs the work of the heart

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21
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

This is the inner layer of the heart wall

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22
Q

Describe the endocardial membrane

A

lines the heart chambers

folds to create heart valves

Continuous with blood vessel endothelium

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23
Q

How many chambers does the heart have? Name them.

A

Four Chambers:

Two superior atria
Two inferior ventricles

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24
Q

What is the function of the heart valves?

A

They ensure blood flows, one way in the heart

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25
Q

Name the two classification of the heart valves

A

Atrioventricular valves
Semilunar valves

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26
Q

Name the two types of atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid valve or right atrioventricular valve

Mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve

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27
Q

What is the function of the tendinous cords?

A

The connect the AV valves to the papillary muscle

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28
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscle?

A

The tense when the miocardia contracts and prevent prolapsing of the AV valves

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29
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium from superior and inferior vena cava

From right atrium to AV valve to right ventricle

Contraction of right ventricle opens pulmonary valve

Blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk

Blood distributed by right and left pulmonary arteries to lungs , unloads CO2 and Loads O2.

From lungs via pulmonary vein to left atrium

From left atrium through left AV valve to left ventricle

Contraction of left ventricle (happens with step 3) opens aortic valve

Blood flows through aortic valve into ascending aorta

Blood in aorta distributed to every organ in the body

Blood returns to right atrium via vena cava

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30
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

This refers to the blood vessels of the heart wall that provide the heart with nutrients

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31
Q

What are the main vessels of the heart wall?

A

Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery
Cardiac veins

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32
Q

Describe coronary circulation

A

Left ventricle
aorta
coronary arteries
coronary capillaries
coronary veins
coronary sinus
right atrium

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33
Q

Describe the cardiac muscle structure

A

Consist of cardio myocytes
striated muscle tissue
Inter-calated discs

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34
Q

Describe cardio myocytes

A

muscle cells of the heart

Single centrally placed nucleus, some more

Sarco plasmic reticulum is less developed than in skeletal muscle, no terminal cisterns

Larger T tubules than in skeletal muscle, they admit calcium ions from EC fluid to activate contraction

Joined by intercalated discs

99% contractile cells
1% autorhythmic cells

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35
Q

What does the term myogenic mean in terms of the heartbeat?

A

The signal originates in the heart itself

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36
Q

What is the heart described as auto rhythmic?

A

It doesn’t depend on the nervous system for it’s rhythm

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37
Q

How does the heart generate its own rhythm?

A

It has its own built-in pacemaker, and electrical system

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38
Q

What are the intercalated discs in cardio myocytes?

A

These are thick connections that join cardio myocytes to each other.

They have a complex step like structure with three distinct features, not found in skeletal muscles

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39
Q

What are the three distinct features of inter-calated discs?

A

Interdigitating folds
Mechanical junctions
Electrical junctions

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40
Q

What is one major difference between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, in terms of healing?

A

Skeletal muscle contain satellite cells that divide and replace that muscle fibers to an extent these are not found in cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle has a limited capacity for mitosis and regeneration

Heals mainly by scarring (fibrosis)

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41
Q

Cardiac muscle depends on what type of respiration to make ATP?

A

Aerobic respiration

Very vulnerable to oxygen deficiency

Does not make use of oxygen debt mechanism or anaerobic fermentation, so not prone to fatigue

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42
Q

What is the function of the cardiac conduction system?

A

This coordinates the heartbeat

43
Q

What is a cardiac conduction system composed of?

A

Internal pacemaker (SA node)

Nerve like conduction pathways through the myocardium

44
Q

What is the SA node?

A

Sinuatrial node is a patch of modified cardio myocytes in the right atrium

45
Q

What is the location of the SA node?

A

Located in the right atrium under the epicardium near the superior vena cava

46
Q

Describe how the cardiac conduction system works.

A

SA node fires

Excitation spreads through atrial myocardium

AV node fires

Excitation spreads down AV bundle

Subendocardial conducting network distributes excitation through ventricular myocardium

47
Q

Describe the fibers that carry the electrical signals that activate excitation in the myocardium

A

SA node
AV node
Atrioventricular bundle
Right and left bundle branches
Subendocardial conducting network

48
Q

What is an ECG?

A

This is a recording of electrical changes in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

49
Q

What are the principal deflections of an ECG reading?

A

P-wave
QRS complex
T-wave

50
Q

What happens in the P-wave of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial depolarization- this causes contraction

51
Q

What happens in the QRS complex of the cardiac cycle,?

A

Ventricular depolarization- ventricle contracts at Q and raises to R, completes when falls to S.

52
Q

Depolarization causes________, repolarization causes_________

A

Contraction
Relaxation

53
Q

What happens at the T-wave in the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular repolarization begins at the lowest point of T, rises, completes when it falls.

Heart is ready for another cycle

54
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

Irregular heartbeat

55
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

The electrical signals in the heart are off, and the ventricle quiver is instead of contracting enough to pump blood to the body

56
Q

What is a heart block?

A

This is a failure of any part of the cardiac conduction system

57
Q

What is defibrillation?

A

Emergency, shocking of the heart with paddle electrodes to depolarize the entire myocardium and stop fibrillation

This usually causes the SA node to resume sinus rhythm

58
Q

What unit is pressure measured in?

A

Measured in millimeters of mercury: mm Hg

Mercury is used because of its density, doesn’t have to be pushed as far up as water to be measured

59
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure?

A

A sphygmomanometer

60
Q

What is a pressure gradient?

A

Fluid flowing because there is more pressure at one point and the other

61
Q

What causes the heart valves to open and close?

A

Changes in blood pressure in the heart

62
Q

What happens when the ventricles relax and their pressure is low

A

The valves stay open, and the cusps hang down limply

63
Q

What causes the first heart sound?

A

Shutting of AV valve

Blood pushes against the AV valve

64
Q

What causes a second heart sound?

A

Shutting off semilunar valve

Blood pushing against the semi lunar valves

65
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 chambers

66
Q

Name the phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular filling
Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation

67
Q

What happens in isovolumetric contraction?

A

Pressure in the ventricles, rises sharply, and reverses the pressure gradient between the atria and the ventricles

Heart sound 1 is produced by blood beating against EV valve

68
Q

Why is the contraction at phase two referred to as isovolumetric?

A

Ventricles contract but do not eject any blood yet, and there is no change in their volume

69
Q

What happens at ventricular ejection?

A

Blood passes through semilunar valves and is ejected

70
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the heart

71
Q

What is the measurement of stroke volume?

A

About 70 ml

72
Q

________-________= ESV

A

EDV- SV equals ESV

73
Q

Systole is___________

A

Contraction

74
Q

Diastole is

A

Relaxation

75
Q

Diastasis is_________

A

Slow filling off the ventricle

76
Q

Ventricular filling occurs in how many phases. Name them

A

Three

Rapid filling
Slow filling (diastasis)
Atrial systole

77
Q

What is in diastolic volume?

A

The amount of blood that fills the heart at ventricular filling

78
Q

What is the measure of end diastolic volume?

A

130 mL

79
Q

Left ventricular pressure, of 120mm Hg, overcomes which arterial pressure

A

Aortic pressure off 80 mm Hg

80
Q

Right ventricular pressure of 25 mm Hg, overcomes which arterial pressure?

A

Pulmonary trunk pressure of 10 mm Hg

81
Q

What is the amount of pressure needed in the left ventricle higher than the right ventricle

A

The left ventricle is pumping blood to the entire body, while the right ventricle is pumping blood to the lungs.

left ventricle has a longer distance to push the blood to needs higher pressure

82
Q

Depolarization, systole is_________

A

Contraction

83
Q

Repolarization, diastole is_________

A

Relaxation

84
Q

End systolic volume is the difference between

A

End diastolic volume and stroke volume

85
Q

Semi lunar valves close to prevent backflow

Heart sound two occurs

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

86
Q

Ventricles contract, but do not eject blood

No change in volume

Heart sound 1 is heard

Pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk peaks to prepare for stroke volume

A

Isovolumetric contraction

87
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Each time the heart contracts and relaxes to admit, and eject blood

88
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

89
Q

Cardio put is a product of _______ times ______

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

90
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Heartbeats per minute

91
Q

How many factors regulate stroke volume? Name them.

A

Three factors:

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

92
Q

What is the preload phase of stroke volume?

A

The degree of stretch before contraction

Directly proportional to stroke volume (Frank- Starling law)

93
Q

What is contractility in terms of stroke volume?

A

Forcefulness of the contraction

94
Q

What is afterload in terms of stroke volume?

A

Sum of forces, ventricle must overcome before ejection

LVP -120 mm Hg
RVP -25 mm Hg

95
Q

Name the two main mechanisms that regulate heart rate

A

ANS
Hormone activity

96
Q

Factors that affect CO in terms of a reduced heart rate

A

Called negative Chrono tropic agents:

Parasympathetic nervous system
Acetylcholine
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
Beta blockers

97
Q

What does that affect CO in terms of a reduced stroke volume

A

Reduced preload
reduced contractility
increased afterload

negative inotropic agents:
Hypocalcemia
Hyperkalemia

98
Q

Factors affecting CO, in terms of increased heart rate

A

Positive Chronotropic agents:

Sympathetic nervous system
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Thyroid hormone
Glucagon
Nicotine, caffeine
Hypocalcemia

99
Q

Factors affecting CO, in terms of increased stroke volume

A

Increased preload (myocardial stretch)

Positive inotropic agents:
Sympathetic nervous system
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Glucagon
Digitalis
Nicotine, caffeine
Hypercalcemia

100
Q

What causes cardiac disease?

A

Obstruction of coronary blood flow
Insufficiency of ventricular pumping

101
Q

Name two types of cardiac diseases

A

Angina pectoris (chest pain)
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

102
Q

What happens in a pulmonary edema?

A

RV output exceeds LV output
Pressure backs up
Fluid accumulates in pulmonary tissue

103
Q

What happens in a systemic edema?

A

LV output exceeds RV output
Pressure backs up
Fluid accumulates in systemic tissue

104
Q

What in the wrong s artherosclerosis?

A

A buildup of plaque in the arteries which prevents proper blood flow

Anatomy (7 decks)

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