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Endocrine System Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Glands that release hormones to coordinate growth, reproduction, and homeostasis

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2
Q

Early development is _________ dependent

A

Hormone

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3
Q

What is direct cellular communication

A

Transmission of signals through gap junctions

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4
Q

What are the chemical mediators in direct cellular communications

A

Ions
Small solutes
Lipid-soluble materials

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5
Q

What is the distribution of effects in direct cellular communication

A

Limited to adjacent cells of the same type

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6
Q

What is paracrine cellular communication

A

Transmission of signals through extracellular fluid

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7
Q

What are the chemical mediators in paracrine communication

A

Paracrine factors

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8
Q

What is the distribution of effects in paracrine communication

A

Limited to a local area
Target cells must have appropriate receptors

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9
Q

What is endocrine communication

A

Transmission of cellular signals through the bloodstream

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10
Q

What are the chemical mediators in endocrine communication

A

hormones

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11
Q

What is the distribution of effects in endocrine communication

A

Other tissues and organs
Must have appropriate receptors

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12
Q

What is synaptic communication

A

Transmission of cellular signals across synapses

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13
Q

What are the chemical mediators of synaptic communication

A

Neurotransmitters

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14
Q

What is the distribution of effects in synaptic communication

A

limited to very specific area
target cells need appropriate receptors

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15
Q

What are the three groups of hormones

A

Amino acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

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16
Q

What are peptide hormones

A

Chains of amino acids
typically synthesized as pro-hormones
Inactive molecules converted to active hormones before or after they are secreted

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17
Q

What are lipid derivatives

A

very diverse family of autocrine or paracrine factors

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18
Q

What are eicosanoids

A

Paracrine factors that coordinate cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes in extracellular fluids

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19
Q

What are prostaglandins

A

pathway targeted by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

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20
Q

How do eicosanoids relate to bodily functions

A

They can mount or inhibit inflammation, allergy, fever, and other immune responses

Contributes to the perception of pain, control blood pressure, and modulate the regional flow of blood to tissues

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21
Q

Prostaglandins are part of the body’s way of _________

A

dealing with injury and illness

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22
Q

Many of the most commonly used pain relievers are ___________

A

NSAID and COX inhibitors

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23
Q

What are the five major classes of steroid hormones

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoid
Progestogen
Androgen
Estrogen

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24
Q

What is the function of meneralcorticoids

A

influence water and electrolyte balance

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25
What is the function of glucocorticoid
widespread immunological and metabolic functions regulates glucose metabolism required for lung maturation developmentally
26
What is the function of progestogen
involved with monthly cycles and maintaining pregnancy converted to testosterone in males
27
What is the function of androgen
produces at high levels by the male testes
28
What is the function of estrogen
produces at high levels by the female ovary
29
All steroid hormones are derivatives of __________
Cholesterol
30
How do hormones enter cells
hormone receptors (They vary per type of hormone)
31
The hypothalamus links the nervous and endocrine systems through __________
The pituitary gland
32
What are releasing hormones (RH)
Stimulate synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at anterior lobe of pituitary gland
33
What are inhibiting hormones (IH)
prevent synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe rate of secretion is controlled by negative feedback
34
TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone?
Thyroid gland Secreation of thyroid hormones Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
35
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone?
Adrenal cortex Secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
36
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone? FEMALES
Follicle cells of ovaries Secretion of estrogen, follicle development Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
37
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone? MALES
Nurse cells of testes Stimulation of sperm maturation Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
38
Luteinizing hormone (LH) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone? FEMALES
Follicle cells of ovaries Ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone gonadotropin-releasing hormone
39
Luteinizing hormone (LH) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone? MALES
Interstitial cells of testes Secretion of testosterone Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
40
Prolactin (PRL) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone?
Mammary glands Production of milk Prolactin releasing factor (PRF) & Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
41
Growth hormone (GH) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone?
All cells Growth, protein synthesis, lipid mobilization and catabolism Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH-IH)
42
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone?
Melanocytes Increased melanin sythesis in epidermis Melanocyte-stimulating hormone-inhibiting hormone (MSH-IH)
43
What does it mean for a hormone to be Pars intermedia
The hormone is not active in normal adults
44
Posterior lobe: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone?
Kidneys Reabsorption of water, elevation of blood volume and pressure None: Transported along axons from supraoptic nucleus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
45
Posterior lobe: Oxytocin (OXT) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone? FEMALES
Uterus, Mammary glands Labor contractions, milk ejection None: transported along axons from paraventricular nucleus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
46
Posterior lobe: Oxytocin (OXT) target, hormonal effect, hypothalamic regulatory hormone? MALES
Ductus deferens and prostate gland Contractions of ductus deferens and prostate gland None: Transported along axons from paraventricular nucleus to posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
47
Gigantism results from the over production of ________ before puberty
growth hormone (GH)
48
___________ results from the over production of growth hormone after puberty What is the result?
Acromegaly Thickened bones
49
What is hypogonadism? What is it caused by?
Lack of GnRH ——> The underdevelopment of ovaries or testes, leading to the failure to undergo puberty Likely due to the failure of GnRH release by the hypothalamus or problem with the endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis
50
What are pituitary adenomas
tumor of the pituitary affect approximately 1 in 6
51
Pituitary adenomas may be __________
stimulating or inhibiting of physiological functions
52
Pituitary tumors may cause?
Headaches or vision impairments that corrective lenses CANNOT REPAIR
53
How are pituitary adenomas treated
Transsphenoidal surgery
54
The adrenal gland is composed of what?
The adrenal cortex and medulla
55
Zona glomerulosa homones, primary target, hormonal effects, regulatory control?
Mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone Kidneys Increase renal reabsorption of Na+ and water (especially in the presence of ADH) and accerlerate urinary loss of K+ Stimulated by angiotensin II, elevated blood K+ or fall in blood Na+, inhibited by ANP and BNP
56
Zona fasciculata homones, primary target, hormonal effects, regulatory control?
Glucocorticoids (cortisol, [hydrocortisone], corticosterone) Most cells Increase rates of glucose and glycogen formation by the liver, release of amino acids from skeletal muscles, and lipids from adipose tissues, promote peripheral utilization of lipids, anti-inflammatory effects Stimulated by ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
57
Zona reticularis homones, primary target, hormonal effects, regulatory control?
Androgens Most Cells Adrenal androgens stimulate the development of pubic hair in boys and girls before puberty Androgen secretion is stimulated by ACTH
58
Adrenal Medulla homones, primary target, hormonal effects, regulatory control?
Epinephrine (E) & Norepinephrine (NE) Most cells Increases cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels, releases lipids by adipose tissue Stimulated by sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers
59
What is cortisol?
the stress hormone cortisol activates anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathways elevated in bloodstream of organisms experiencing stress
60
Fetal and childhood exposure to elevated cortisol may?
alter prenatal and postnatal growth patterns slows lung maturation in the fetus
61
How does cortisol affect the immune system?
Slows healing processes Anti-inflammatory properties can be taken advantage of with topical creams
62
What is cushing’s disease
caused by a pituitary tumor leading to excessive production of ACTH
63
What is cushing’s syndrome (hypercortisolism)
a collection of symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cortisol (May be due to an adrenal tumor)
64
What are the symptoms of cushing’s syndrome
redistribution of fat to subcutaneous fat pads different fat deposits are more snesitive to cortisol and others Longterm cortisol is also correlated with insulin resistance
65
Thyroid function is regulated by _________
the pituitary and hypothalamus
66
What is TRH?
thyroid releasing hormone
67
What is TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
68
Thyroid hormones have a calorigenic effect, what does this mean?
The cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation Is responsible for strong, immediate, and short-lived increase in rate of cellular metabolism
69
What is thyroglobulin?
Synthesized by follicle cells Secreted into thyroid follicles Precursor to T3 and T4
70
What is T3 & T4?
T3: Triiodothyronine T4: Thyroxine
71
Thyroid hormones __________
affect every cell and all organs of the body
72
Iodine deficiency causes _________
Goiter
73
What is hypothyroidism
lack of thyroid hormone which slows down the body’s processes
74
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism
Less body heat: patient feels colder Patients tire more easily Skin drier Become forgetful or depressed Weight gain without reason Patients may have delayed reflex actions
75
Treatment for hypothyroidism?
There is no cure Most patients are on medication for the entirety of their lives

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