Endocrine System

Question 1

thyroid gland is located inferior to the _____ and anterior and lateral to the _____

Answer 1

larynx ; trachea

Question 2

narrow, central portion of thyroid gland dividing it into left & right lobes

Answer 2

isthmus

Question 3

microscopic sacs that make up most of the gland

Answer 3

thyroid follicles

Question 4

follicular cells in the walls of the follicles that secrete

Answer 4

T3- Triiodothyronine
T4 thyroxine

Question 5

parafollicular cells produce?

Answer 5

calcitonin

Question 6

T3 and T4 are produced from?

Answer 6

iodine

Question 7

what is the stimulus of calcitonin?

Answer 7

hypercalcemia (humoral regulation)

Question 8

calcitonin ____ osteoclast and _____ osteoblast

Answer 8

inhibits; promotes or stimulates

Question 9

Parathyroid hormone is also called?

Answer 9

parathormone

Question 10

What is the stimulus of parathyroid hormone? target organs?

Answer 10

hypocalcemia; osteoclast and kidney

Question 11

active form of vitamin D

Answer 11

calcitriol

Question 12

Parathyroid hormone stimulates kidneys to produce calcitriol , the active form of vitamin D which increases absorption of _______ from the _______

Answer 12

calcium and phosphate;

small intestine

Question 13

Pancreas is a flattened organ located on LUQ of abdominal cavity, _____ to the stomach & in curve of the _____

Answer 13

posterior; duodenum

Question 14

has both exocrine & endocrine functions

Answer 14

pancreas

Question 15

the endocrine portion of the pancreas w/c contains 2 types of cells w/c produce hormones that regulate metabolism of glucose

Answer 15

islets of langerhans or pancreatic islets

Question 16

glucagon is produced by ______

Answer 16

alpha cells

Question 17

hat is the target organ of glucagon?

Answer 17

liver

Question 18

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Answer 18

glycogenolysis

Question 19

conversion of fatty acids & excess amino acids into glucose

Answer 19

gluconeogenesis

Question 20

produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets

Answer 20

insulin

Question 21

insulin stimulates _____ of glucose into the
cells

Answer 21

diffusion

Question 22

conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver cells & skeletal muscles

Answer 22

glycogenesis

Question 23

adrenal glands is also called

Answer 23

suprarenal glands

Question 24

what are the three zones of adrenal cortex

Answer 24

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

Question 25

aldosterone is a major ______ that is produced by zona glomerulosa

Answer 25

mineralocorticoid

Question 26

what is the stimulus of aldosterone?

Answer 26

angiotensin II

Question 27

what is the target organ of aldosterone?

Answer 27

kidney

Question 28

most abundant glucocorticoid secreted by cells of zona fasciculata

Answer 28

cortisol

Question 29

in high doses cortisol block ______ which depresses inflammatory responses

Answer 29

histamine

Question 30

androgens are converted into

Answer 30

estrogen or testosterone

Question 31

innervated by sympathetic division of ANS

Answer 31

adrenal medulla

Question 32

produces the fight or flight response

Answer 32

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Question 33

ovaries are located in the

Answer 33

pelvic cavity

Question 34

secreted by the follicle cells of the ovary

Answer 34

estrogen

Question 35

FSH: ______ LH: ______

Answer 35

estrogen ; progesterone and testosterone

Question 36

progesterone are secreted by the _____ remnant of ovary follicles

Answer 36

corpus luteum

Question 37

located in the scrotum

Answer 37

testes

Question 38

secreted by the interstitial cells of the testicles

Answer 38

testosterone

Question 39

small endocrine gland posterior to the thalamus

Answer 39

pineal gland

Question 40

what is the hormone produced by the pineal gland?

Answer 40

melatonin

Question 41

located posterior to the sternum, and superior to the heart

Answer 41

thymus

Question 42

hormone produced by the thymus

Answer 42

thymosin

Question 43

promotes maturation of T-cell lymphocytes

Answer 43

thymosin

Question 44

involved in pain are made in response to tissue injury→ pain receptors become more sensitive to painful stimuli

Answer 44

prostaglandins

Question 45

it is produced by the kidney that responds when the oxygen level is low in the blood

Answer 45

erythropoietin

Question 46

What are the Gi tract hormones?

Answer 46

gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

Question 47

regulate digestive functions by influencing the activity of the stomach, intestines, liver, & pancreas.

Answer 47

GI hormone

Question 48

produced by the heart wherein it acts when the blood volume is high. it lowers blood volume and pressure through excretion of Na+ from the kidneys

Answer 48

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 49

produced by the placenta wherein it maintains pregnancy through continuous production of estrogen and progesterone

Answer 49

human chorionic gonadotropins

Question 50

the hormone tested during a pregnancy test

Answer 50

human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 51

maintains normal growth & development together w/ GH

Answer 51

T3 and T4

Question 52

increases excretion of phosphate from the kidneys

Answer 52

parathyroid hormone

Question 53

what are the specific action of glucagon?

Answer 53

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 54

What are the specific actions of insulin?

Answer 54

glycogenesis and diffusion of glucose in the cells

Question 55

increases K+ excretion by the kidneys

Answer 55

aldosterone

Question 56

active in prolonged period of stress

Answer 56

cortisol

Question 57

what is the response of cortisol?

Answer 57

gluconeogenesis.to increase blood glucose level

Question 58

keeps blood glucose levels high enough to support brain’s activities

Answer 58

cortisol

Question 59

what stimulates the release of Corticotropin releasing hormone in hypothalamus?

Answer 59

physiologic stress

Question 60

suppresses immune system by inhibiting WBCs

Answer 60

cortisol

Question 61

stimulate growth of axillary & pubic hair in males & females

Answer 61

androgens

Question 62

When there is too much cortisol in the body, what disease you might acquire?

Answer 62

Cushing syndrome

Question 63

female secondary sex characteristics

Answer 63

estrogen

Question 64

The secretion of melatonin is ____ when it is dark and ____ when there is light

Answer 64

high, low

Question 65

stimulates the onset of sleep

Answer 65

pineal gland