Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
refers to the excess interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic system & is emptied into the blood as plasma
A
lymph
2
Q
What do the lymphatic vessels transport? and is absorbed by?
A
lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and is absorbed by the GI tract
3
Q
initiates highly specific responses directed against certain pathogens & malignant or abnormal body cells.
A
lymphatic tissue
4
Q
refers to any microorganism (bacteria, virus, etc.) capable of causing disease
A
pathogen
5
Q
drain the interstitial spaces of excess fluid
A
lymphatic capillaries
6
Q
are specialized lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine; they absorb the dietary lipids & lipid- soluble vitamins.
A
lacteals
7
Q
receive the lymph passed on by the lymphatic capillaries & carry it away from the tissues
A
lymphatic vessels
8
Q
resemble veins in structure but have thinner walls
A
lymphatic vessels
9
Q
have more valves than
veins to prevent backflow & ensure one-way flow of lymph
A
lymphatic vessels
10
Q
What are the factors that promote lymph movement?
A
skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump
11
Q
receive lymph from the lymphatic vessels & empty it to the blood to become plasma
A
lymphatic ducts
12
Q
receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck & chest; the left upper limb; & the entire body below the ribs
A
thoracic duct
13
Q
thoracic duct drains lymph into the venous blood at the ___________ and then to the heart visa the superior vena cava
A
left subclavian vein
14
Q
specialized form of connective tissue which contains large numbers of lymphocytes
A
lymphatic tissue
15
Q
What do lymphatic tissues contain?
A
red bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymphatic nodules
16
Q
What is the main function of lymph nodes?
A
to filter lymph
17
Q
their fibers trap bacteria & other foreign substances, w/c get broken down by macrophages & by immune responses involving lymphocytes
A
lymph nodes
18
Q
carry lymph from lymphatic capillaries to the lymph nodes for “cleansing”
A
afferent lymph vessels
19
Q
carry the “cleansed” lymph from the lymph nodes to the lymphatic ducts where they enter the blood
A
efferent lymph vessels
20
Q
How many lymph nodes are there in the body?
A
600
21
Q
located along jugular veins & carotid arteries; filter lymph from the head & neck
A
cervical nodes
22
Q
located in the armpit; filter lymph from the upper limbs
A
axillary nodes
23
Q
located in superior thigh; filter lymph from the lower limbs
A
inguinal nodes
24
Q
refers to any disorder of the lymph nodes; could be inflammation, enlargement or a tumor in the lymph nodes w/c happens when overwhelming numbers of foreign substances (i.e. bacteria, cancer cells) are trapped in the nodes but are not destroyed or rapidly removed
A
lymphadenopathy
25
TRUE OR FALSE: superficial lymph nodes are not palpable
True
26
carry lymph from blood capillaries to lymph nodes.
afferent lymphatic vessels
27
carry lymph away from lymph nodes into lymphatic ducts
efferent lymphatic vessels
28
Trace the pathway
blood plasma —> interstitial fluid —>lymphatic capillaries —> lymphatic vessels —> afferent lymphatic vessels —> lymph nodes —> efferent lymphatic vessels —> lymphatic ducts —> subclavian veins
29
the site where hemocytoblasts differentiate to become lymphoid stem cells which give rise to the lymphocytes
red bone marrow
30
What cell mature in the red bone marrow?
B lymphocytes or B cells
31
is a bi-lobed gland inferior to the thyroid gland
thymus
32
is the site for the maturation of T lymphocytes
thymus
33
an oval-shaped organ located in the left hypochondriac region bet. the stomach & diaphragm
spleen
34
has macrophages & lymphocytes that destroy pathogens in the blood & remove worn-out blood cells
spleen
35
are small, egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue found just beneath the epithelium of all mucous membranes
lymphatic nodules
36
are clusters or aggregations of lymphatic nodules found in the distal half of the small intestine & the appendix
Peyer’s Patches
37
are 3 large groups of lymphatic nodules located within the pharynx/throat
tonsils
38
2 tonsils located at the base of the tongue
lingual tonsil
39
or “adenoid”; a single tonsil located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity; can interfere with normal breathing if swollen/inflamed
pharyngeal tonsil
40
2 tonsils, each located on the lateral walls of the posterior opening of the oral cavity; what we commonly call “the tonsils"
palatine tonsils
41
is the ability to ward off damage or
disease through our defenses
immunity
42
is the ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material & to prevent further cases of certain infectious diseases
immunity
43
refers to a vulnerability or lack of resistance
susceptibility
44
are membrane proteins w/c are cell markers that identify cells
antigens
45
recognized by our body as “non-self” or “foreign” will be destroyed by our immune cells
antigens
46
also called “non-specific immunity”
innate immunity
47
refers to defenses that are present
at birth
innate immunity
48
does not involve specific recognition of a foreign antigen
innate immunity
49
does not create memory, and its responses are always the same regardless of the target
innate immunity
50
innate immunity makes up the _______ lines of defense
1st and 2nd
51
primarily involves intact skin & mucous membranes, the inflammatory response & a number of chemicals & defensive cells
innate immunity
52
refers to defenses that involve specific
recognition of a foreign antigen
adaptive immunity
53
our 3rd line of defense but works hand- in-hand with our innate immunity defenses
adaptive immunity
54
very specific as to its target, may involve antibodies, does create memory, & may become more efficient
adaptive immunity
55
Adaptive immunity involves the ________ and ________
T and B lymphocytes and macrophages
56
a system of physical & chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body
first line of defense
57
several internal mechanisms which provide defense when pathogens penetrate the barriers that make up the first line of defense
second line of defense
58
What are the different physical barriers of the First line of Defense?
a. skin
b. nose and mouth
c, eyes
d. digestive system
e. vagina
f. urethra
59
provides a formidable physical barrier to the entrance of microbes
epidermis
60
periodic ________ of ______ helps remove microbes at the skin surface
shedding of epidermal cells
61
produce sweat that flushes away microbes
sweat glands
62
filter dust & microbes
nasal hairs
63
traps microbes
mucus
64
move them away
cilia
65
washes microbes from tooth surfaces & oral mucous membranes
saliva
66
secretes tears that dilute & wash away irritants & microbes
lacrimal apparatus
67
expel microbes from the stomach & intestines
vomiting and defecation
68
flush microbes out of the vagina
vaginal secretions
69
washes microbes from the urethra
urine flow
70
form acidic film that prevents growth of microbes
sebaceous glands
71
in sweat destroy microbes
lysozyme
72
What are the different chemical barriers?
a. skin
b. mouth
c. eyes
d. digestive system
e. vagina
f. urine
73
destroys most
bacteria & toxins in the stomach
acidic gastric juice
74
discourages
bacterial growth
vaginal acidity
75
its acidic pH inhibits bacterial
growth
urine
76
a group of plasma proteins produced by the liver that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive, non-functional form
complement
77
a process in which complement is activated by a series of reactions, these complement proteins form holes in microbial membranes, thereby causing them to burst
cytolysis
78
a process in which activated complement proteins also attract phagocytes to a site
chemotaxis
79
are proteins produced by cells infected w/ viruses & by T lymphocytes
interferons
80
blocks the replication or reproduction of viruses, preventing them from infecting unaffected cells
interferons
81
the ingestion of microbes or other particles such as cellular debris
phagocytosis
82
are specialized cells, primarily neutrophils & macrophages, that perform phagocytosis
phagocytes
83
What are the 5 stages of phagocytosis?
1. chemotaxis
2. adherence
3. ingestion
4. digestion
5. killing
84
refers to the migration of phagocytes to the site of damage due to attraction by chemicals that come from invading microbes, WBCs, damaged tissue cells, or activated complement proteins
chemotaxis
85
the attachment of the phagocyte to the microbe or other foreign material, enhanced by activated complement proteins
adherence
86
the plasma membrane of the phagocyte engulfs the microbe to form a sac called a
phagosome
87
the plasma membrane of the phagocyte engulfs the microbe to form a sac called a phagosome
ingestion
88
the phagosome enters the cytoplasm of the phagocyte & merges w/ lysosomes to form a single, larger structure called a
phagolysosome
89
the phagosome enters the cytoplasm of the phagocyte & merges w/ lysosomes to form a single, larger structure called a phagolysosome
digestion
90
the digestive enzymes in the
lysosome quickly kills the microbe
killing
91
cells on the skin’s epidermis w/c also phagocytize foreign material, not merely to destroy it, but to take it to a lymph node where the adaptive immunity defenses are then activated
langerhans cells
92
their response is non-specific (unlike the T & B cells) & can act spontaneously against any target
natural killer cells
93
What chemical is excreted by the natural killer cells?
perforins
94
are cells found throughout areolar
connective tissue
mast cells
95
What do mast cells produce?
histamine and leukotrienes
96
causes vasodilation & makes capillaries more permeable or “leaky”
histamine
97
alsocapillary permeability & attract phagocytes to the area of tissue damage
leukotrienes
98
WBCs w/c also release histamine
in response to tissue damage
basophils
99
is a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage of any kind: microbial, chemical, or physical
inflammation
100
its main purpose is to try to contain the damage, keep it from spreading, eliminate the cause, & permit repair of the tissue to begin
inflammation
101
What are the four cardinal signs and symptoms?
redness (rubor)
pain (dolor)
heat (calor)
edema/swelling (tumor)
102
What are the three basic stages of inflammation?
a. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
b. phagocyte migration
c. tissue repair
103
result from the large amount of blood that accumulates in the damaged area
heat or redness
104
results from increased permeability of capillaries, w/c permits more fluid to move from blood plasma into interstitial spaces
edema or swelling
105
pain is brought about by the release of
prostaglandins
106
the increased permeability of capillaries allows leakage of blood-clotting factors into tissues & the ______ is set into motion to prevent blood loss
clotting cascade
107
What happens in the phagocyte migration?
chemotaxis and diapedesis
108
since phagocytes die rapidly during the inflammatory response, their cellular debris accumulate & a fluid called
pus
109
vasodilation &capillary permeability in the 1st stage blood flow w/c brings more O2 & nutrients to the damaged area to aid in tissue repair
tissue repair
110
in response to microbial toxins, neutrophils, macrophages, & other cells release ______ w/c are chemicals that affect the body’s thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus
pyrogens
111
Fever enhances the effects of _____
interferons
112
What are the properties of Adaptive Immunity?
specificity and Memory
113
What property of adaptive immunity only recognize & act against particular pathogens or foreign substances
specificity
114
adaptive immunity defenses recognize & mount even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens & foreign substances
memory
115
TRUE OR FALSE: second encounter with an antigen prompts even more slower response
False
116
originate from lymphoid stem cells w/c differentiate from the hemocytoblasts of red bone marrow
lymphocytes
117
circulate in both blood & lymph & are located in lymphatic tissues
lymphocytes
118
comprise 70-80% of all lymphocytes
t lymphocytes
119
T lymphocytes mature in?
thymus
120
are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it
mature T cells
121
provides cell-mediated immunity in w/c T cells, once activated, directly interact with antigen- bearing cells/agents to destroy them
T cells
122
provides __________ in w/c B cells, once activated, indirectly interact with antigen-bearing cells/agents to destroy them by producing antibodies
antibody mediated immunity
123
are phagocytes w/c are involved in both innate & adaptive immunity
macrophages
124
macrophages play a role in adaptive immunity by acting as
antigen presenters
125
binds to both the foreign antigen presented on the macrophage’s surface and with the “self” antigens for comparison.
helper T cell or CD4 T cell
126
The macrophage, in addition, releases _______, which enhance the activation of helper T cells
monokines
127
Activated helper T cells release their
cytokines
128
stimulate proliferation & activity of other helper T cells and help activate other T cell groups which provide for cell-mediated immunity & B cells which provide for antibody- mediated immunity
cytokines
129
is effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, & fungi located inside cells; and also against some cancer cells & foreign tissue transplants.
cell-mediated immunity
130
What is involved in the cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
131
the activated helper T cells divide or proliferate & differentiate into
active helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
memory T cells
132
w/c chemically destroy the membranes of cells/agents containing the invading antigen
cytotoxic T cells
133
w/c will remember the specific foreign antigen & become active if it enters the body again; they quickly initiate the cell-mediated immune response should there be a future exposure to the antigen.
Memory T cells
134
this mechanism of immunity involves the production of antibodies
antibody mediated immunity
135
is effective against extracellular pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi in blood and body fluids
antibody mediated immunity
136
plasma cells synthesize and secrete a protein called?
immunoglobulin or antibody
137
The antibodies released by the plasma cells bind w/ the specific antigen, forming an
antigen-antibody complex
138
What are the responses of antigen-antibody complex?
immobilize bacteria
neutralize antigen (toxins) or prevent attachment to cells (viruses)
clump antigens together (agglutination) for subsequent phagocytosis
activate complement
attract phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis
139
where is IgG located?
blood and lymph
140
the only class of antibody to cross the placenta
IgG
141
provides passive immunity for
newborns
provides long-term immunity following recovery from infection or administration of a vaccine
IgG
142
Where is IgA located?
secretions of all mucous membranes (sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, GI secretions) & breast milk
143
provides passive immunity for
breast-fed newborns
IgA
144
provides localized protection of mucous membranes against bacteria & viruses
IgA
145
Where is IgM located?
blood
146
first antibody to be secreted by plasma cells after an initial exposure to any antigen
IgM
147
produced first during an infection
IgM
148
are the anti-A & anti-B antibodies of ABO blood group w/c bind w/ antigens to cause agglutination during transfusion reactions
IgM
149
Where is IgD located?
blood and lymph , particularly on B lymphocytes
150
serve as antigen receptors on the surfaces of B cells w/c are involved in its activation
IgD
151
Where is IgE located?
blood, mast cells, basophils
152
involved in allergic &
hypersensitivity reactions
provides protection against parasitic worms
IgE
153
occurs during subsequent exposure to the antigen
Secondary Response
154
is conferred by our DNA
Genetic Immunity
155
does not involve antibodies or the immune defenses but is the result of our genetic makeup
Genetic Immunity
156
results in certain pathogens incapable of causing disease in all human species
Genetic Immunity
157
involves antibodies
Acquired Immunity
158
means that the individual produces his or her own antibodies; the type of immunity that stays with you for long periods (usually for life), as the memory cells & long- lasting antibodies remain with you.
active immunity
159
means that antibodies are from another source (from another person or animal) therefore “pre-made”; however, the immunity it provides is fleeting; once the antibodies degrade, so does the immunity because there are no immune cells to produce new antibodies.
passive immunity
160
What are the four Acquired Immunity?
Naturally acquired active immunity
Artficially Acquired active Immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Naturally acquired passive immuniy
161
stimulation of an immune response w/ symptoms of a disease; there is recovery from the disease, w/ production of antibodies & memory cells
naturally acquired active immunity
162
what is the exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or killed pathogens
attenuated vaccine
163
stimulation of an immune response without the severe symptoms of a disease
artificially acquired active immunity
164
placental transmission of antibodies (IgG) from mother to fetus; transmission of antibodies in breast milk (IgA)
Naturally acquired passive immunity
165
short-term immunity for newborn without stimulating an immune response
naturally acquired passive immunity
166
is a laboratory test that measures the level of certain antibodies in a blood sample
antibody titer
167
positive values indicate specific immunity to a previously-acquired disease or to previous vaccination
Antibody titer
168
is a laboratory test that measures the level of a specific antigen in a blood sample
antigen assay
169
positive values indicate active infection or presence of antigen in the body
antigen assay
