Endocrine System

Question 1

What are hormones ?

Answer 1

They are proteins that regulate various function in the body

Question 2

What are hormones produced by?

Answer 2

Endocrine glands that release chemical messenger throughout all parts of the body through blood

Question 3

What do exocrine glands do?

Answer 3

Produce secretions that are carried in ducts to specific locations

Question 4

Differences between endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 4

Endocrine : secrete hormones directly into blood
ductless glands
pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, pancreas

Exocrine : secrete enzymes into an organ
ducts convey secretions to the organs
salivary, pancreas

Question 5

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 5

Regulates body temperature
Regulates body water
Regulates secretion of hormones by pituitary gland
Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
Regulates swallowing, appetite, hunger and satiety
Plays a role in emotions
An area at the base of the brain
Nerve cells form Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and gets transported to pituitary gland

Question 6

What is the function of ADH?

Answer 6

It stimulated the nephron tubules of the kidney to reabsorb water, thus conserving water

Question 7

Where is the pituitary gland located

Answer 7

Below the hypothalamus in the brain

Question 8

Why is the pituitary gland considered the master gland?

Answer 8

Controls function of many other endocrine glands in the body

Question 9

What hormones does the pituitary gland release?

Answer 9

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinising hormone)
Prolactin
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

Question 10

What is the function of FSH?

Answer 10

Governs the development of the primary locate into the Graafian follicle in the ovaries of females

Question 11

What is the the function of LH?

Answer 11

Governs development of the corpus luteum in the ovaries of females

Question 12

What is the function of Prolactin?

Answer 12

Stimulated the mammary glands to secrete breast milk

Question 13

What is the function of TSH?

Answer 13

Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete the hormone thyroxin

Question 14

What is the function if the growth hormone ?

Answer 14

Promotes skeletal and muscular growth

Question 15

What does and under secretion if growth hormone cause?

Answer 15

Dwarfism

Question 16

What does an over secretion of growth hormone cause ?

Answer 16

Gigantism or acromegaly in adults (elongated jaw,nose, fingers and toes)

Question 17

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 17

In the neck /throat

Question 18

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete ?

Answer 18

Thyroxin

Question 19

What micronutrient does thyroxin contain?

Answer 19

Iodine

Question 20

What are the functions of thyroxin?

Answer 20

Controls basal metabolic rate of all cells
Affects growth by influencing the release of growth hormone by the pituitary gland
Affects cardiovascular system by causing more blood to be pumped around the body
Increases activities of the nervous system
Increase the activities of the gastrointestinal system

Question 21

What is goitre?

Answer 21

Enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet

Question 22

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 22

Doubles metabolic rate of cells resulting in weight loss, heart palpitations, excitability

Question 23

What does hypothyroidism cause in children?

Answer 23

Cretinism (failure to grow, low intelligence, failure to mature sexually)

Question 24

What does hypothyroidism cause in adults?

Answer 24

Myxoedema (low metabolic rate)

Question 25

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 25

Above the kidneys

Question 26

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete ?

Answer 26

Aldosterone and Adrenalin

Question 27

What is the function of aldosterone ?

Answer 27

Involved in the reabsorption of ions in the kidney

Question 28

What are the functions of Adrenalin?

Answer 28

Adrenalin prepares the body for emergencies by increasing… Heartbeat which increases blood pressure The blood supply to muscles and heart Skeletal muscle tone and strength Conversion rate of glycogen to glucose for energy Diameter of pupils dilates In emergencies it also decreases blood flow to skin

Question 29

Where are the Islets of Langerhans located ?

Answer 29

In the pancreas

Question 30

What are the two types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans ?

Answer 30

Alpha and Beta cells

Question 31

What do alpha cells do?

Answer 31

Produce glucagon to increase the blood glucose levels by converting glycogen in the liver and muscles into glucose

Question 32

What do beta cells do ?

Answer 32

Produce insulin to decrease blood glucose levels by converting excess glucose in the liver and muscles into glycogen and increase cell usage of glucose

Question 33

What is Diabetes mellitus ?

Answer 33

Very high glucose levels cause by hereditary or lifestyle factors Due to a lack of insulin produced or body cells not responding to insulin

Question 34

Describe Type 1 diabetes

Answer 34

Occurrence : mostly young people Cause : Little or no insulin produced Symptoms : Increased thirst and urination , blurred vision, sugar in urine Treatment: Daily insulin injections Medical complication : Coma and death if person not given daily insulin injections

Question 35

Describe Type 2 diabetes

Answer 35

Occurrence : Mostly older people Cause : Body cells do not respond to insulin Symptoms : Increased thirst and urination, blurred vision, frequent infections, slow healing Treatment : Change of diet, exercise and medication Medical complication : Heart disease, nerve and kidney damage, blindness

Question 36

What hormone does the testes secrete ?

Answer 36

Testosterone from the Cells of Leydig

Question 37

What does Testosterone do?

Answer 37

Controls the development of secondary male characteristics and develops and maintains the reproduction organs

Question 38

What do the ovaries secrete ?

Answer 38

Oestrogen from the Graafian follicle and Progesterone from corpus Luteum

Question 39

What do Oestrogen and Progesterone do?

Answer 39

Control development of secondary sexual characteristics in women and develop and maintain the reproductive organs