Genetics

Question 1

What is a chromosome?

Answer 1

A linear collection of genes

Question 2

How many chromosomes do humans have ?

Answer 2

46 (23 pairs) diploid

Question 3

What are the chromosome pairs known as ?

Answer 3

homologous pairs (1 from mother 1 from father)

Question 4

What process forms gametes?

Answer 4

meiosis

Question 5

What is a gene?

Answer 5

A part of DNA in a chromosome that contains code for the synthesis of particular proteins. These proteins determine the structure and function of that organism.

Question 6

A complete diploid set of chromosomes within one cell of an organism that is arranged in homologous pairs.

Answer 6

karyotype

Question 7

What does a human karyotype consist of?

Answer 7

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of gonosomes (sex chromosomes)

Question 8

A complete set of genes on all chromosomes of an organism

Answer 8

genome

Question 9

Founder of genetics

Answer 9

Gregor Mendel

Question 10

Genetic crosses involving a single contrasting characteristic

Answer 10

Monohybrid cross

Question 11

A trait can either be ?

Answer 11

dominant or recessive

Question 12

What are alleles?

Answer 12

A different form of a gene. alleles carry different information on the same characteristic.

Question 13

Pure-bred or same alleles

Answer 13

homozygous

Question 14

Two different alleles

Answer 14

heterozygous

Question 15

Genetic makeup of an organism

Answer 15

genotype

Question 16

physical appearance of an organism

Answer 16

phenotype

Question 17

Explain the Law of Dominance

Answer 17

When two homozygous organisms are crossed with contrasting characteristics are crossed . All F1 will display dominant trait. All heterozygous individuals will have the dominant trait as phenotype.

Question 18

Explain Principle of segregation

Answer 18

An organism has two factors which segregate so that each gamete has one factor

Question 19

Position of gene on chromosome

Answer 19

locus

Question 20

Incomplete dominance

Answer 20

When neither alleles are dominant over the other. Will show intermediate form of gene.

Question 21

Co-dominance

Answer 21

Where both alleles are equally dominant. Both alleles feature in the phenotype

Question 22

What happens when someone receives the wrong blood?

Answer 22

Blood will form clumps and not flow properly through blood vessels. MIGHT DIE

Question 23

What is the sex of an animal determined by?

Answer 23

Sex chromosome

Question 24

What are 2 sex link diseases common in males?

Answer 24

haemophilia and colour blindness

Question 25

What is haemophilia?

Answer 25

Blood does not properly could cause bleeding out.

Question 26

Why are sex linked diseases common in males?

Answer 26

It is caused by recessive alleles on the X chromosome. Males only have one X chromosome meaning if they have the recessive gene they have a 100% chance of the disease.

Question 27

Cross between offspring of purebred parent with respect to two different genes

Answer 27

Dihybrid cross

Question 28

Unpredictable change in the DNA of an organism

Answer 28

mutation

Question 29

Gene mutation

Answer 29

changes order of nitrogenous bases Changes order of amino acids Change proteins different proteins produced during synthesis

Question 30

Where can mutations occur?

Answer 30

Somatic cells (wont pass down) and sex cells (passes down to offspring) Both contribute to genetic variation

Question 31

manipulation of the biological process to satisfy human needs

Answer 31

biotechnology

Question 32

What does genetic engineering include?

Answer 32

Stem cell research GMO's Cloning

Question 33

Stem cells

Answer 33

undifferentiated cells that can produce new tissues.

Question 34

Embryonic stem cells

Answer 34

cells in an embryo that start to differentiate into other types of cells If placed in other cultures they will continue reproducing embryonic stem cells can differentiate into specific tissue

Question 35

Adult stem cells

Answer 35

produce new cells to replace damaged or dying cells

Question 36

What is recombinant DNA?

Answer 36

healthy allele cut from chromosome and combined DNA from another organism and contains an allele to make a missing substance.

Question 37

Describe how bacteria can be used to produce insulin?

Answer 37

A plasmid is removed from bacterial cell and is removed with help of enzyme. Gene code for producing insulin is isolated and removed using enzyme Plasmid and human gene is combined to form recombinant DNA which is placed in bacterium Bacterium accepts new gene and produces insulin

Question 38

Advantages of GMO's

Answer 38

Bigger yields and stronger crops Cheaper Weed can be effectively Improved crops to produce more food with nutritional content and longer shelf life Survive in soil other organisms cannot

Question 39

Disadvantages of GMO's

Answer 39

Possible effect on human health Negative effect of new gene on environment around it Expensive Ethical and religious reasons

Question 40

Process of making process of making one or more genetically identical copies of cells/organisms

Answer 40

Cloning

Question 41

Transfer of genetic material from adult to egg cell where genetic info has been removed

Answer 41

reproductive cloning

Question 42

What are some viewpoints FOR cloning?

Answer 42

Helps people who cannot reproduce Eliminates diseases Great food production Produces organs Can help aid survival of threatened species

Question 43

What are some viewpoints AGAINST cloning?

Answer 43

Not natural (against natural selection) Based on scientists prejudices Against religion Decrease genetic variation Weak immune systems Expensive Long term effects are unknown Ethical reasons

Question 44

What type of DNA is used to trace lineage ?

Answer 44

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Question 45

TRUE OR FALSE Mitochondrial DNA is the fathers side

Answer 45

FALSE (it is lost when sperm fuses with egg so only mothers mitochondrial DNA can be found in the zygote)

Question 46

How can mtDNA be used?

Answer 46

To see how closely related species are

Question 47

Phylogenetic trees

Answer 47

Used to show evolutionary paths of organisms and trace common ancestors.