Endocrine System Flashcards by Josef Mikael Oclarit

Hormones in the anterior pituitary gland

Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
Prolactin

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Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland

Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocine

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A hormone that stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

Luteinizing Hormone

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A hormone that stimulates adrenal gland to produce aldosterone, cortisol, and adrenaline

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

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A hormone that decreases urine excretion

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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A hormone that stimulates contraction during childbirth (aka love hormone). It is also responsible for lactation in women

Oxytocine

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Hormones found in the thyroid gland

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Thyrocalcitonin

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Hormones that increase or accelerate metabolic activity

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)

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A hormone that decreases blood calcium levels

Thyrocalcitonin

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What is the function of parathyroid gland?

It stimulates osteoclastic activity in the bones resulting in increased blood calcium levels

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What is the function of the adrenal gland’s cortex?

Produces hormones such as aldosterone and mineralocorticoids essential in the water sodium balance of the body

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What is the function of the adrenal gland’s medulla?

It produces epinephrine and norepinephrine responsible in fight-or-flight responses

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What are the hormones that the pancreas gland produces?

Insulin (Beta)
Glucagon (Alpha)

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What is the function of Insulin?

It prevents glucose levels from rising

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What is the function of Glucagon?

It prevents glucose levels from dropping

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What is the exocrine function of the pancreas gland?

It produces a secretion that contains enzymes that hydrolyzes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

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Pituitary Gland disorders in the Anterior Lobe

Gigantism
Acromegaly
Dwarfism

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What is the mechanism for Gigantism?

Overgrowth of long bones

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What is the mechanism for Acromegaly?

Increased bone thickness and hypertrophy of soft tissues

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Onset of Gigantism

It develops in children before the epiphyses of children close. It develops abruptly

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Onset of Acromegaly

It develops in adults and develops slowly

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S/Sx of hyperpituitarism

Coarsened facial features
Jaw protrusions
Thickened ears, nose, and tongue
Broad hands

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Mechanism of dwarfism

A result of a decrease or absence in the hormonal secretion of the anterior pituitary gland

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What are the causes of dwarfism?

Hypophysectomy
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Non-secreting pituitary tumors
Reversible functional disorders

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It is the removal of the pituitary gland by surgery, irradiation, or chemical agent

Hypophysectomy

What are the disorders of the Pituitary Gland in the posterior lobe?

Diabetes Insipidus Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

A physiologic water imbalance in the body due to decreased ADH

Diabetes Insipidus

Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Insipidus

Polydipsia Nocturia Dehydration Fatigue Irritability

A disorder associated c excessive ADH production

SIADH

What is the cause of SIADH?

Pituitary gland damage d/t trauma or infection

S/Sx of SIADH

Wt gain s visible edema

What is the threshold to have visible edema?

> 4L of excess fluid

What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus

Fluid and electrolytes correction via diuretics, diet modulation, and oral rehydration salts

Disorders affecting the Thyroid Gland

Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Thyroiditis

Another name for hyperthyroidism

Thyrotoxicosis

Effects of hyperthyroidism

Elevated metabolism manifested in almost every system

Most common form of hyperthyroidism

Grave’s disease

Mechanism of Grave’s disease

There is elevated levels of Thyroxine (T4)

A complication of hyperthyroidism

Thyroid Storm

S/Sx of thyroid storm

Acute episodes of high fever Delirium Severe Tachycardia Dehydration Extreme Irritability

S/Sx of Hyperthyroidism

Nervousness Heat Intolerance Wt loss despite increased appetite Sweating Diarrhea Tremors

Mechanism of hypothyroidism

Decreased T3 levels

Two types of hypothyroidism

Type 1 - Hormone Deficient Type 2 - Hormone Resistant

What is the cause of type 1 hypothyroidism?

A decrease in the functional mass of the thyroid

What is the cause of type 2 hypothyroidism?

It occurs as a result of inadequate stimulation of the gland due to pituitary or hypothalamic diseases

S/Sx of hypothyroidism

Cold intolerance Depression Constipation Dry Skin

Inflammation of the thyroid

Thyroiditis

Classifications of thyroiditis

Acute suppurative Subacute Granulomatous Lymphocytic/Chronic

It is a pus forming classification of thyroiditis and its very rare

Acute suppurative

Causative agent of acute suppurative & subacute granulomatous

Streptococcus Pyogenes Staphylococcus Pneumococcus pneumoniae

Another name of lymphocytic thyroiditis

Hashimoto disease

Effects of hyperparathyroidism

Disrupts calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism

A classification of hyperparathyroidism that is a form of benign cancer

Primary

Main cause of secondary parathyroidism

Single adenoma of the PTG

Main cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Hyperplasia secondary to malfunction of other organ Renal failure

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is present in conditions such as:

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Piaget’s disease Multiple myeloma Carcinoma Vitamin D deficiency

Seen almost exclusively in patients who have long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism

Tertiary

Two classifications of hypoparathyroidism

Idiopathic Iatrogenic

Causes of iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism

Accidental removal of PTG Infarction of PTG

S/Sx of mild hypoparathyroidism

Asymptomatic

S/Sx of hypoparathyroidism

Spasms in intercostals and diaphragm Neuromuscular irritability

Rx for hypoparathyroidism

Increase calcium levels

It is caused by insufficient cortisol release from the adrenal gland

Addison's disease

Prevalence of Addison's

Slightly higher in F than M

S/Sx of Addison's

Weight loss Hypotensive Anorexia Liver glycogen deficiency Emotional disturbances

Cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency

hypothalamic or pituitary tumors removal of the pituitary

S/Sx of secondary adrenal insufficiency

Arthralgia Myalgia Tendon calcification

Occurs as a result of hyperfunction of the adrenal gland

Cushing Syndrome

Prevalence of Cushing's

F > M (5:1)

S/Sx of Cushing's

Hyperglycemia Hypertension Osteoprosis Proximal muscle wasting

Rx for Cushing's

Hormone balance Radiation

Conditions that produce Cushing's symptoms in pseudo-Cushing

Depression Alcoholism Eating disorders

Occurs when there is hypersecretion of aldosterone

Conn's Syndrome

Most powerful mineralocorticoid

Aldosterone

The primary role of aldosterone

Conserve sodium Promote potassium (K) excretion

Main cause of Conn's Syndrome

Aldosteronoma (aldosterone-secreting tumor)

Rare cause of Conn's Syndrome

Adrenocortical carcinoma

Prevalence of Conn's

F>M; 30-50 y/o

S/Sx of Conn's Syndrome

Hypernatremia Hypervolemia Hypokalemia

Rx for Conn's Syndrome

Correct hypokalemia

Pathologic lesions that cause secondary hyperaldosteronism

Renal artery stenosis Nephrotic syndrome Cardiac syndrome

Alpha cells

Glucagon

Beta cells

Insulin

Delta cells

Somatostatin

Characteristics of a patient with Diabetes Mellitus

Hyperglycemic or hypogylcemic

Main cause of DM

Defects in the secretion of insulin Defects in the action of insulin

Insulin-dependent DM

type 1

Non insulin-dependent DM

type 2

Pathophysio of type 1 DM

auto-immune destruction of beta cells

Risk factor for type 1 DM

Heredity

Main cause of type 2 DM

cellular resistance to insulin action inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response

Rx for type 2 DM

diet exercise oral hypoglycemic agents

Onset for type 1 DM

Juvenile (< 20)

Onset for type 2 DM

Adult (> 40)

Ketosis prone DM

type 1

Type of DM that uses exogenous insulin

type 1

normal FBS

< 100 mg/dL

FBS for a diabetic person

> 125 mg/dL

FBS for a prediabetic person

100-125 mg/dL

RF for NIDDM

Cigarette smoking Age Sedentary lifestyle Ethnicity Obesity Family Hx

Occurs when body cannot utilize glucose as it should

Prediabetes

Manifestations of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

L ventricular diastolic filling and relaxation abnormalities Systolic dysfunction L ventricular hypertrophy L HF