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Endocrine system Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Adren/o

A

adrenal glands

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2
Q

gonad/o

A

gonads

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3
Q

testic/o

A

male testicles

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4
Q

ovari/o

A

female ovaries

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5
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreatic islets

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6
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid gland

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7
Q

peneal/o

A

pineal gland

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8
Q

pituit/o; pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland

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9
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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10
Q

thyr/o; thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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11
Q

primary functions of the endocrine system include

A

homeostasis and hormones

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12
Q

homeostasis

A

process through which the body maintains constant internal environment

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13
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by endocrin glands directly into the blood stream. Specialized functions in regulating the
activities of specific cells, organs, or both. Levels can be measured with blood or urine
tests

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14
Q

pituitary gland

A

Pea
‐sized gland divided into anterior and
posterior lobes
* Hangs from
a stalk
‐like structure below the
hypothalamus

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15
Q

function of pituitary glands

A

*Secretes hormones that control other
endocrine glands
* Responds to neurohormones secreted
by the hypothalamus
* Creates
a system of checks and
balances
* Maintains an appropriate blood level
of each hormone

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16
Q

Anterior Lobe

A

*Growth hormone
* LTH [Prolactin/Lactogenic Hormone] (to
stimulate milk production in the female
breast)
* ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone which
regulates the adrenal glands )
* TSH (thyroid‐stimulating hormone which
regulates the thyroid gland )
* FSH (follicle‐stimulating hormone which
regulates the ovaries and testes)
* LH (luteinizing hormone which regulates the
ovaries or testes

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17
Q

Posterior Lobe

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone is actually
produced in the hypothalamus and stored
in the pituitary gland; it increases
absorption of water by the kidneys. It also
increases blood pressure)
* Oxytocin (to contract the uterus during
childbirth and stimulate the release of milk
during breastfeeding)

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18
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • Very small endocrine gland; also known as
    the pineal body
  • Located in the central portion of the brain
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19
Q

Secretions of the pineal glands

A

*Melatonin: influences the sleep–
wakefulness portions of circadian cycle
*Circadian cycle: biological functions
that occur within
a 24
‐hour period

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20
Q

thyroid

A

Lies on either side of the larynx,
just below the thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

Thyroids function

A
  • Regulate the body’s metabolism
  • Thyroxine (T
    4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T
    3)
  • Calcitonin
  • Works with parathyroid
    hormone
  • Decreases calcium levels
  • Moves calcium into storage in
    the bones and teet
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22
Q

PARATHYROID
GLANDS

A

*Four parathyroid glands
*Each of which is about the size of
a grain of
rice
*Embedded in the posterior surface of the
thyroid gland

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23
Q

main function of parathyroid glands

A

Regulate calcium levels throughout the bod

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24
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

*Works with calcitonin (hormone secreted by
the thyroid gland)
* Regulates the calcium levels in the blood and
tissue

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25
Thymus
*Located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity * Secretes a hormone that functions as part of the immune system
26
Function of thymus
Greatly reduced after puberty * Slowly turns into fatty tissue
27
Thymosin
* Plays an important role in the immune system * Stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cell
28
Pancreatic Islets
* Feather ‐shaped organ located posterior to the stomach * Functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems
29
Pancreatic islet secretions
*Glucose: basic form of energy used by the body *Glucagon (GCG): hormone secreted by the alpha cells * Insulin: hormone secreted by the beta cells
30
Adrenal glands
*Located on top of each kidney * Adrenal cortex (outer portion) * Adrenal medulla (middle portion) * Primary functions * Control electrolyte levels * Help regulate metabolism * Interact with the sympathetic nervous system
31
Androgens
secreted by the adrenal glands; sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
32
Corticosteroids
secreted by the adrenal glands. steroid hormones produced by the adrenal corte
33
Aldosterone (ALD):
secreted by the adrenal glands. : corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the bod
34
Cortisol (hydrocortisone):
secreted by the adrenal glands; corticosteroid that has an anti‐inflammatory action
35
Secretion of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
36
Epinephrine (Epi, EPI):
adrenaline; stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
37
Norepinephrine
released as a hormone by adrenal medulla; released as a neurohormone by sympathetic nervous system; important for “fight‐or‐flight response
38
Gonads
*Gamete‐producing glands * Ovaries in females and testicles in males * Functions * Secrete hormones for development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics * Secondary sex characteristics: distinguish the sexes; not directly related to reproduction
39
Estrogen(E)
SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD hormone secreted by the ovaries
40
Progesterone
SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD hormone released during second half of menstrual cycle
41
Gonadotropin
SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD any hormone that stimulates the gonad
42
Androgens
SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD sex hormones
43
testosterone
SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD steroid hormone secreted by the testicles
44
Specialized types of hormones
SECRETIONS OF THE GONAD Steroids: family of hormones derived from cholesterol * Anabolic steroids: human‐made substances; chemically related to male sex hormones
45
Acromegaly
* abnormal enlargement of extremities (hands and feet); excessive secretion of growth hormone after pubert
46
Gigantism
abnormal growth; excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
47
Short Stature
* general term used to describe a condition in which a child or a teen's height is well below the average height of his or her peers
48
Prolactinoma
benign functional pituitary tumor; can cause infertility in women and erectile dysfunction in me
49
Pituitary adenoma
slow‐growing benign tumor of the pituitary gland
50
Galactorrhea
excess prolactin; causes breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth
51
Diabetes Insipidus
not related to diabetes mellitus; caused by insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone
52
SIDH
overproduction of antidiuretic hormone (ADH); often a result of cancer or its treatment
53
Pinealoma
tumor of the pineal gland
54
Thyroid carcinoma
Thyroid cancer might not cause any symptoms at first. But as it grows, it can cause pain and swelling in your neck.
55
Myxedema
* extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion
56
Thyroid storm
storm happens when your thyroid gland suddenly releases large amounts of thyroid hormone in a short period of time
57
Hashimoto’s Disease
immune‐system cells lead to the death of the thyroid's hormone‐ producing cells
58
Cretinism
congenital form of hypothyroidism
59
Graves' Disease
Goiter * Abnormal benign enlargement of thyroid gland * Swelling in front of the neck Exophthalmos * Abnormal protrusion of eyeball out of the orbit
60
Pancreatitis
* inflammation of the pancreas
61
Insulinoma
tumors in the pancreas
62
Diabetes Mellitus
Most common endocrine system disease Results from defects in production of insulin (type 1) or ability to use it properly (type 2) Treatment goals: controlling blood glucose levels and preventing complication
63
Type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune disorder * Caused by destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells; pancreatic beta cells do not secrete enough insulin Onset * Often triggered by a viral infection Treatment * Diet and exercise * Regulated insulin replacement therapy (administered by injection or insulin pump)
64
Type 2 diabetes
*Insulin is being produced, but the body does not use it effectively *Might be asymptomatic for years Treatment *Diet, exercise, and oral medications * Oral hypoglycemics * Metformin * Insulin replacement
65
Prediabetes
Blood glucose level is higher than normal * Not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
66
Diabetic Coma
Caused by very high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) or very low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) resulting in stupor or a coma. DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
67
Insulin shock
Caused by very low blood glucose levels. DIABETIC EMERGENCIES.
68
Diabetic Retinopathy
causes blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball and produces the damage that causes the loss of vision. DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
69
Ketosis
* helps the body utilize stored fat; excessively high levels may indicate that the body is not producing enough insulin to convert glucose into energy DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
70
Kidney Disease
can lead to renal failure; damage to blood vessels reduces blood flow through the kidneys DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
71
Peripheral Neuropathy
damage to nerves makes it harder to feel a cut or other injury DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
72
Addison's disease
Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone ADRENAL GLAND PATHOLOG
73
Adrenalitis
Inflammation of one or both adrenal gland ADRENAL GLAND PATHOLOG
74
Aldosteronism
* Abnormality of the electrolyte balance * Caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone ADRENAL GLAND PATHOLOG
75
CUSHING’S SYNDROME
Caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Fat hump on neck, red cheeks, thin legs big abdomen
76
Hypergonadism
* Condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands
77
Hypogonadism
*More common than hypergonadism * Deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands
78
Gynecomastia
* Condition of excessive mammary development in the male * Increase in male estrogen levels or decreased testosterone
79
Thyroid tests
*Radioactive iodine uptake test *Thyroid-stimulating hormone assay *Thyroid scan
80
Diabetes tests
*fasting Blood Sugar * oral glucose tolerance test *Home blood glucose monitoring *Hemoglobin A1c testing *Fructosamine test
81
Human Growth Hormone
synthetic version of growth hormone PITUITARY AND PINEAL GLAND;
82
Hypophysectomy
* surgical removal of the pituitary gland PITUITARY AND PINEAL GLAND
83
Pinealectomy
* surgical removal of the pineal gland PITUITARY AND PINEAL GLAND
84
Antithyroid drug
* slows the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
85
Radioactive iodine treatment
oral administration; destroys thyroid cells
86
Lobectomy
removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland
87
Synthetic thyroid hormone
* use of synthetic thyroid hormones; replaces lost thyroid function
88
Parathyroidectomy
* Surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands * Performed to control hyperparathyroidism or remove parathyroid tumor
89
Thymectomy
Surgical removal of the thymus gland
90
Pancreatectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas * Total pancreatectomy: performed to treat pancreatic cancer
91
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Minimally invasive surgical procedure
92
Cortisone
Synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands
93
EpiPen
Device used to inject a measured dose of epinephrine

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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