Lymphatic system Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
carcin/o
A
cancer
2
Q
immun/o
A
immunity
3
Q
lymph/o
A
lymph
4
Q
lymphangi/o
A
Lymphatic vessles and ducts
5
Q
lympaden/o; lymphocyt/o
A
lymph nodes and lymphocytes
6
Q
onc/o
A
tumor
7
Q
phago
A
eat/swallow
8
Q
tonsill/o; adenoid/o
A
tonsils and adenoids
9
Q
splen/o
A
spleen
10
Q
myel/o
A
bone marrow
11
Q
thym/o
A
thymus
12
Q
3 main functions of the lymphatic system
A
- Absorption of fats and fatsoluble vitamins through
lacteals of small intestine - Removal of waste products and
tissues, and cooperation with
the immune system in
destroying invading pathogens - Returning filtered lymph to veins
at the base of the nec
13
Q
lymph
A
clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins
14
Q
Lacteals
A
specialized structures of the lymphatic system
15
Q
Lymphatic vessles
A
*Flow from lymphatic capillaries into progressively larger lymphatic vessels
*Prevent the backward flow of lymph
16
Q
Lymphatic ducts
A
Right lymphatic duct: collects lymph from the right side of
the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body,
and the right arm
17
Q
Thoracic duct
A
collects lymph from the left side of the
head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the
left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both
legs
18
Q
Lymph nodes
A
Specialized lymphocytes capable of destroying pathogens
19
Q
cervical lymph nodes
A
located along sides of the neck
20
Q
axillary lymph nodes
A
located under the arms
21
Q
Inguinal lymph nodes
A
groin area lymph nodes
22
Q
Adenoids
A
located in the nasopharynx
23
Q
palatine tonsils
A
Located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area visible at the back of the mouth; normal tonsils, got removed
24
Q
lingual tonsils
A
located at the base of the tongue, not visible
25
Thymus gland
lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches size at puberty, becomes smaller with age, secrete a hormone that stimulates the maturation of the lymphocytes into T cells
26
Appendix
located on the first section of the large intestine, unknown purpose
27
spleen
located in LUQ, forms lymphocytes and monocytes, destroys worn out erythrocytes, stores extra erythrocytes
28
Lymphocytes
formed in bone marrow as stem cells, defen the body against antigens,
THREE TYPES
29
natural killer cell
aid in killing cancer cells
30
B cells
produce antibodies
31
t cells
play a role in cell- mediated immunity
32
Cytokine
*Group of proteins such as interferons
and interleukins
*Act as intracellular signals to begin the
immune response
33
Interferons
Activate the immune system, fight viruses, and signal other cells to increase defense
34
Interleukins
*Play multiple roles in the immune system
*Direct B and T cells to divide and
proliferat
35
Natural Immunity
Acquired through infection with the actual
disease organism
36
Vaccine-induced Immunity
Acquired through introduction of either dead
or weakened (attenuated) form of disease
organis
37
Active Immunity
*Exposure to disease triggers immune
system
*Acquired through natural or vaccineinduced immunity
38
Passive Immunity
Acquired when a person is given antibodies
to a disease
39
Tolerance
*Refers to an acquired
unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
* Also used to describe a decline in the
effective response to a drug, usually
due to repeated use
40
Immunoglobins
Antibodies; 5 types
41
Immunoglobulin G
in blood serum and lymph
42
Immunoglobulin A
* produced against ingested antigens
43
Immunoglobulin M
found in circulating body fluid
44
Immunoglobulin D
found only on the surface of B cell
45
Immunoglobulin E
produced in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes;
responsible for allergic reactions
46
Phagocytes
specialized leukocytes that act as part of the anigen-antibody reaction
47
Monocytes
*Leukocytes that provide immunological defenses
*Become macrophages and dendritic cells
48
Macrophages
Leukocyte that surround and kill invading cells
49
Dendritic cells
*Patrol the body searching for antigens
*Grab an antigen, swallow it, and alert B and T cells to act against the specific
antige
50
Bacilli
rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria
51
Anthrax
transmitted through livestock
52
Rickettsia
lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites
53
Spirochetes
spiral-shaped bacteria; capable of movement
54
Staphylococci
group of 30 species shaped like clusters
55
Streptococci
* bacteria that form a chain
56
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA; Resistant to most antibiotics, Infections are serious, difficult to treat; can be fatal, Often occur repeatedly as breaks in the skin allow the bacteria entry
57
Fungus
* Simple parasitic organisms
* Tinea pedis (Athlete’s Foot
58
Yeast
Type of fungus
* Candidiasis: yeast infection on the skin or mucous
membranes in warm, moist areas
* Candida albicans (oral thrush): yeast infection that
occurs in the mouth
59
Parasites
Plants or animals living on or within a living organism at the expense of that organism
60
Giardiasis
*Diarrheal disease caused by the parasite Giardia
* Most common method of transmission: water
that has been contaminated with feces
61
malaria
*Caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes
* Transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito
62
Toxoplasmosis
Caused by a parasite; most commonly transmitted by contaminated animal feces
63
Trichomoniasis
Thich; Sexually transmitted disease caused by the parasite
64
Viruses
* Very small infectious agents that live only by
invading other cells
* Invade a cell, reproduce, break the wall of
the cell, release newly formed viruses
* Spread to other cells and repeat the process
65
Herpesviruses
* Group of viruses that cause a variety of diseases in humans
* Examples of herpesviruses
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Varicella (chickenpox)
Photo A
Herpes zoster (HZ) (shingles)
Photo B
Infectious mononucleosis
(mono)
Roseola (sixth disease)
66
Antibiotics
* Inhibit growth of, or kill,
pathogenic bacterial
microorganisms
* (anti-:against; bio: life; -tic:
pertaining to
67
Bactericide
Causes death of bacteria
68
Bacteriostatic
Inhibits growth of bacteria
69
Antifungal
* Destroys or inhibits growth of fungi
70
Antiviral
Used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity
71
Lymphadenitis
* inflammation of the lymph nodes
72
Lymphangioma
Benign tumor
* Formed by an abnormal
collection of lymphatic vessel
73
Splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the
spleen
74
Ruptured Spleen
torn covering of the spleen
75
Lymphedema
* Swelling of the tissues due to an
abnormal accumulation of lymph
fluid within the tissues
* Primary: hereditary
* Secondary: damage to lymphatic
vessels
76
Lymphoscintigraphy
* Detects damage or malformations of the lymphatic
vessels
* A radioactive substance is injected into lymph
ducts, and a scanner or probe is used to follow the
movement of the substance on a computer screen
77
Bioimpedance spectroscopy
* Noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema
* Measures the resistance to an electrical current
passed through the affected limb, with abnormally
low results showing a buildup of lymp
78
Allergies
* Body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen as if it were a dangerous invader
79
allergy
overreaction by body to a particular antigen
80
allergen
substance producing allergic reaction
81
Localized allergic response
Redness, itching, burning where skin came into
contact with allergen
82
Systemic reaction
*Severe response to allergen
* Also known as anaphylaxis
* Medical emergenc
83
Scratch test
* Identifies common allergens
84
Allergen-specific
immunoglobulin
* Blood test to determine if person is
allergic to a particular substance
85
Antihistamines
Medications to relieve or prevent symptoms of certain allergies
86
AUTO-IMMUNE DISORDERS
Large group of diseases
characterized by the immune
system producing antibodies
against its own tissue
*Abnormal functioning of the
immune system
* Appears to be genetically
transmitte
87
Severe combined immunodeficiency
SCID; Increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of
infections
88
Human immunodeficiency virus
HIV; Damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to
progressively fail
* Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): advanced and fatal stage
of HIV
89
Opportunistic infection
Caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in
healthy humans
* Kaposi’s sarcoma: opportunistic infection associated with HIV;
* Cance
90
ELISA
* Screen for HIV
* HIV Differentiation Assay is used
to confirm a positive ELISA
91
Western blot test
* Produces more accurate results
than ELISA
92
Biological therapy
Involves either stimulating or
repressing the immune response
93
Treatment of cancers
Immunotherapy stimulates the immune
response to fight the malignancy
94
Treatment of allergies
*Immunotherapy represses the body’s
sensitivity to a particular allergen
* Repress means to decrease or stop a
normal response
* Treatment known as allergy
desensitization or allergen
immunotherapy
95
Synthetic immunoglobulins (immune serum)
Used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses
96
Synthetic interferon
Used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancer
97
Monoclonal antibodies
*Antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of
specific cells
* Used to enhance a patient’s immune response to certain malignancies,
including non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and colon
cancer
98
Antiretroviral therapy
(ART)
Sometimes referred to as a treatment
regimen
Often more than one drug must be taken
in combination with each other
99
Medications to prevent HIV
transmission
* Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): daily
preventative drug for people at high risk
*Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): for
people with suspected or confirmed HIV
exposur
100
Immunosuppression
Represses or interferes with the ability of the immune system to
respond to stimulation by antigen
101
Immunosuppressant
*Prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response
* Administered to prevent rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune
disorder
102
Corticosteroid drug
Synthetic hormone that closely resembles the cortisol secreted by the adrenal
glands
103
Cytotoxic drug
Medication that kills or damages cells
* Used as immunosuppressants or as antineoplastics
104
cancer
Class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled division
of cells and ability of these cells to invade other tissues
105
metastasize
* Spread from one place to another
* The most common sites of metastatic tumors are the bones, liver, and
lungs
106
Metastasis
Process by which cancer is spread to a new site
* Also used to describe the tumor itself
107
oncology
Study of prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors
and cancer
108
Tumors (neoplasm)
Abnormal growth of body tissue
* Benign tumor (not cancerous, but can cause damage)
* Malignant tumor (cancerous)
109
Angiogenesis
Tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply
110
Antiangiogenesis
Treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor
111
carcinomas
*Malignant tumor that occurs in
epithelial tissue
*Tends to infiltrate and produce metastases
112
Carcinoma in situ
*Malignant tumor in its original position
*Has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues
113
Adenocarcinoma
*One of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue
114
Sarcomas
*Malignant tumor in connective tissues
*Hard-Tissue Sarcoma (bone/cartilage)
*Soft-Tissue Sarcoma
*Muscle, fat, blood, lymphatic vessels
115
Lymphoma
* Malignancies affecting lymphoid tissue
116
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
*Cancer of immune system
* Distinguished by the presence of large,
cancerous lymphocytes
117
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
* More common type
* Refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s
* Originate in Lymphocytes
* Can be either aggressive or indolent
118
Breast cancer
Develops from breast cells, and may metastasize to lymph nodes and other body sites
119
BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes
Abnormal genes carrying higher risk of breast, ovarian, and certain other cancers
120
Ductal carcinoma in sit
Breast cancer at its earliest stag
121
Inflammatory breast cancer
* Aggressive form of breast cancer
* Cancer cells block lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast
* Cannot be detected by mammography
122
Male breast cancer
May occur in small amount of breast tissue normally present in men
123
Detection of breast cancer
breast self-examination
palpation of the breast
mammography
Needle breast biopsy
ultrasound
molecular breast imaging
surgical biopsy
sentinel node biopsy
lymph node dissection
124
Lumpectomy
Removal of only the cancerous tissue with surrounding
margin of normal tissue
125
Mastectomy (mast: breast; -ectomy: surgical
removal)
Removal of breast and nipple
* May be radical or modified radica
126
Cancer Treatments
surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, adjuvant therapy, clinical trials
127
tox/o
toxic
128
anti-
against
129
phag/o
eat, swallow
130
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
