Respiratory System Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
nas/o; rhino
A
nose
2
Q
sinu/o
A
sinus
3
Q
pharyngl/o
A
pharynx
4
Q
laryng/o
A
larynx
5
Q
trache/o
A
trachea
6
Q
bronch/o; bronchi/o
A
bronchi
7
Q
pneum/o; pneumono; pulmon/o
A
lung
8
Q
cillia
A
thin hairs in nose
9
Q
mucous membranes
A
specialized tissues that line the nose
10
Q
olfactory respectors
A
sense of smell
11
Q
Functions of these sinuses
A
- Make the bones of the skull lighter
- Help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice
- Produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity
12
Q
Frontal sinuses
A
located in the frontal bone
just above the eyebrow
13
Q
Sphenoid sinuses
A
located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye
14
Q
Maxillary sinuses
A
located in the maxillary bones under the eyes
15
Q
Ethmoid sinuses
A
located in the ethmoid
bones between the nose and eyes
16
Q
Pharynx
A
throat
17
Q
Nasopharynx
A
- Posterior to nasal cavity; continues downward toward the
mouth - Transports air only
- Opens into the oropharyn
18
Q
Oropharynx
A
- Visible when looking into the mouth
- Shared by respiratory and digestive systems
- Transports air, food, and fluids to the laryngopharyn
19
Q
- Laryngopharynx
A
- Shared by respiratory and digestive systems
- Air, food, and fluids continue to the opening of esophagus and trachea; air enters trachea; food and fluids enter esophagus
20
Q
Larynx
A
voice box
9 separate cartilage
21
Q
Soft palate
A
prevents food or liquid from going up into
the nose
22
Q
Epiglottis
A
prevents food from entering the trachea
and lungs
23
Q
Trachea
A
windpipe; transports air to and from lungs
24
Q
Bronchi
A
large tubes that funnel air into lung tissues
25
Alveoli
air sacs, at the end of each bronchi, location of the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
26
Right lung
larger of the 2; has 3 lobes
27
left lung
has 2 lobes; upper and lower
28
Pleura
thin, moist, slippery membrane; covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surfaces of the thoracic cavity
29
Diaphragm
*Dome-shaped sheet of muscle
*Separates the thoracic cavity from the
abdomen
*Contraction and relaxation
Makes breathing possible
30
phrenic nerves
cause diaphragm to contract
31
Inhalation
breathing in air
32
exhalation
breathing out
33
Chronic obstructive Pulmonary disease
COPD; bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out
generally caused by smoking
34
Chronic bronchitis:
disease in which
the airways have become inflamed
35
Emphysema
progressive, long-term
loss of lung function
36
Asthma
Chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes
*Often triggered by an allergic reaction
37
Asthma attack
Characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty,
coughing, and wheezing
Wheezing is a breath sound caused by a partially
obstructed airwa
38
Bronchospasm
Contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the
bronchi and bronchioles
39
exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
Narrowing of the airways that develops after 5 to 15
minutes of physical exertion
40
Upper Respiratory Virus/Acute
Nasopharyngitis
* Common Cold
* Caused by any of 200+ different viruses
41
Allergic Rhinitis
* Allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes
an increased flow of mucus
42
Croup
* Acute respiratory infection in children and infants
* Obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and
swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a
barking cough and stridor
43
Influenza
*Acute, highly contagious viral infection
* Most commonly in epidemics during the
colder months
44
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
* Contagious bacterial infection of the upper
respiratory tract
45
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
* Common, highly contagious viral infection
spread by respiratory droplets
* Can cause bronchiolitis in younger children
and infants; may require hospitalization
46
Epistaxis
(nosebleed); Bleeding from the nose that may be
caused by dry air, injury, medication
to prevent blood clotting, or high
blood pressure
47
Rhinorrhea
Rhinorrhea (runny nose) watery flow of mucus from the nose
48
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
49
Pharyngitis
sore throat; Inflammation of the pharynx; often a
symptom of a cold, flu, or sinus infection
* When caused by the bacteria Streptococcus,
commonly referred to as strep throat
50
Laryngospasm
* Sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
* Sometimes associated with
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
51
Aphonia
* loss of the ability of the larynx to
*produce normal speech sounds
52
Dysphonia
* any impairment in vocal quality;
hoarseness, weakness, cracking of
a boy’s voice during puberty
53
Laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx;
commonly used to describe voice
loss caused by this inflammation
54
Acute Bronchitis
(Chest Cold)
*Inflammation of the bronchi usually caused by a viral
infection
*Characterized by a productive cough (brings up mucus
or phlegm), shortness of breath, and often wheezing
and a low‐grade fever
55
Bronchiectasis
*Permanent thickening of the walls of the bronchi
*Caused by chronic infection and inflammation
56
Bronchorrhea
*Excessive discharge of watery mucus from the bronchi
*Often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma
57
Pleurisy (pleuritis)
* Inflammation of pleura (membranes that
cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity)
58
Pleurodynia
* Sharp chest pain
* Occurs when inflamed pleural membranes
rub against each other with each inhalation
59
Pleural effusion
* Excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural
space
* Produces a feeling of breathlessness because
it prevents the lung from fully expanding
60
Pyothorax (pleural empyema)
Presence of pus in the pleural cavity
resulting from a bacterial infection
61
Empyema
Collection of pus in any body cavity
62
Hemothorax
* Collection of blood in the
pleural cavity
* Results from chest trauma or
caused by disease or surgery
63
Pneumothorax
*Accumulation of air in the
pleural space
* Causes full or partial lung
collapse
64
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS)
*Caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes,
inhaled vomit, or sepsis
*Inflammation in the lungs and fluid in the alveoli
lead to low levels of oxygen in the blood
65
Atelectasis
(collapsed lung)
*Incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung
*Blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax
66
Pulmonary edema
* Accumulation of fluid in lung tissue
67
Pulmonary embolism
* Sudden blockage of a pulmonary
artery by foreign matter or by an
embolus that has formed in the leg
or pelvic region
68
Tuberculosis (TB)
* Infectious disease caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
* Most commonly in individuals with
immune systems weakened by another
condition
* Drug‐resistant tuberculosis: occurs when
prescribed drug regimen is not strictly
followed
69
Bronchopneumonia
localized form of pneumonia; often affects
the bronchioles
70
Lobar pneumonia
*Often includes one or more sections, or
lobes
*Double pneumonia: lobar pneumonia
involving both lung
71
Aspiration pneumonia
Due to inhaling foreign substance into lungs
72
Community‐acquired
pneumonia
* Results from contagious infection outside hospital/clinic
73
* Hospital‐acquired pneumonia
Acquired during a stay in hospital
74
* Mycoplasma pneumoni
*Milder, longer lasting form
caused by Mycoplasma
pneumoniae
* Also known as walking
pneumonia since the patient is
often not bedridde
75
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Opportunistic infection caused
by Pneumocystis carinii
76
Viral pneumonia
Caused by viruses
77
Interstitial
Lung Disease
Group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and
scarring of the alveoli
78
Pneumoconiosis
fibrosis
caused by prolonged environmental or
occupational contact
79
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
*Genetic disorder: lungs and pancreas clogged with
abnormally thick mucus
* Results in damage to the lungs, poor growth, and nutritional
deficiencies
* Common symptoms include wheezing and a persistent cough
80
Lung cancer
* Cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung
* Important risk factors: smoking and inhaling secondhand
smoke
81
Eupnea
Easy or normal breathing
82
Apnea
Temporary absence of spontaneous respiration
83
Bradypnea
Less than 10 breaths/minute
84
Cheyne‐Stokes respiration
* Irregular pattern of alternating rapid or shallow
respiration followed by slower respiration or
apnea
85
Tachypnea
More than 20 breaths/minute
86
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
87
Hyperpnea
* Deeper and more rapid than normal
breathing, commonly associated with
exertion
88
Hypopnea
Shallow or slow respiration
89
Hyperventilation
* Rapid rate of deep respiration, commonly
associated with anxiety
90
sleep apnea
* Breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep
enough to cause a measurable decrease in blood
oxygen levels
91
Snoring
noisy breathing; can be a symptom of
sleep apnea
92
Expectoration
* Coughing up and spitting out saliva,
mucus, or other body fluid
93
Hemoptysis
* Expectoration of blood or blood‐
stained sputum; result of a
pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
94
* Anoxia
* Absence of oxygen from body tissues/organs even though the flow of blood is adequate
95
Hypoxia
*Deficient oxygen levels in body tissues/organs
* Less severe than anoxia
96
Altitude hypoxia
* Due to decreased oxygen in the air at higher altitudes, especially above 8,000 feet
97
Asphyxia
* Lack of oxygen leading to loss of
consciousness
98
Cyanosis
* Bluish discoloration of
skin/mucous membranes due to inadequate oxygen supply
99
Hypercapnia
* Buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
100
Hypoxemia
* Decreased oxygen levels in the blood
101
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
SIDS; Sudden and unexplainable death of an
apparently healthy sleeping infant
* Occurs between the ages of 1 month and 1 year
* Cause still unknown
102
Respiratory rate
count of the
number of breaths per minute
Respiratory sounds such as rales, rhonchi, and stridor provide
information about the condition of
the lungs and pleura
103
Bronchoscopy
* visual examination of the bronchi
104
Chest x‐ray (CXR)
used to diagnose lung infections,
diseases, and disorders
105
Laryngoscopy
* examination of the larynx and
vocal cords with a laryngoscope
106
Pulmonary Function Test
* measures air flow out of lungs
107
Polysomnography
(sleep study)
* measures physiological activity
during sleep
108
Spirometer
measures the amount of air
inhaled or exhaled (volume)
109
Pulse oximeter
* measures the oxygen
saturation level in the blood
110
Sputum cytology
examination of coughed‐up
mucus
111
Phlegm
thick mucus secreted by the tissues
lining the respiratory passages
112
Sputum
* Phlegm ejected through mouth
* Sputum cytology examines the
phlegm to detect cancer cells
113
Antitussive
(Cough Medicine)
* prevents or relieves coughing
114
Decongestant
* relieves nasal congestion
115
Expectorant
* thins and reduces mucus; makes it easier to cough up mucus
116
Bronchodilator
relaxes and expands the bronchial
passages into the lungs
117
Controller medicines
*long‐acting daily medications; prevent
asthma attacks
118
Nebulizer
*electronic device
* Pumps air or oxygen through a liquid
medicine to turn it into a mist
*Inhaled by the patient via a face mask
or mouthpiece
119
Endotracheal intubation
* Passing a tube through the mouth into the
trachea
* Establishes or maintains an open airway
120
Laryngotomy
* Surgical incision into the larynx
* Performed when the upper part of the
airway is obstructed
121
Septoplasty
* Surgical repair of parts of the nasal septum; used to correct a deviated septum
122
Tracheostomy
*Surgical creation of a stoma (surgically created
opening on a body surface) into the trachea below
the vocal cords
*Insertion of a temporary or permanent tube to
facilitate breathing
123
Emergency tracheotomy
*Incision made into the trachea to gain access to the
airway below a blockage
124
Pneumonectomy
removal of all or part of a lung
125
Lobectomy
* removal of a lobe of an organ,
usually the lung, brain, liver, or thyroid gland
126
Wedge resection
removal of a small wedge‐shaped
piece of cancerous lung tissue
127
Thoracentesis
* needle puncture of the chest wall to obtain
fluid from the pleural cavity
128
Thoracotomy
incision in the chest wall to open the
pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment
129
CPAP machine
(Continuous
Positive Airway Pressure)
*Noninvasive ventilation device
*Used in the treatment of sleep apnea
* BiPAP machine
* Similar to CPAP but at a higher pressure
130
Ambu® bag, or BVM
(Bag Valve Mask)
* Emergency resuscitator used to assist
ventilation
131
Ventilator
* Forces air into the lungs; exhalation takes place passively as the lungs contract
132
Supplemental Oxygen Therapy
* Maintains adequate blood oxygen saturation
* Uses a compressor; flows into a hood or tent
* Nasal cannula: divides into two nasal prongs
* Rebreather mask: exhaled breath is partially
reused
133
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
(HBOT)
* Breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber
* Raises air pressure; up to three times higher
than norma
