Endocrine System Flashcards by Blueberry Cheesecake

(posterior part of thyroid)

Parathyroids

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Production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones

HYPOTHALAMUS

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Anterior lobe:
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH

Posterior lobe:
Release of oxytocin and ADH

PITUITARY GLAND

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Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin (CT)

THYROID GLAND

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(Undergoes atrophy during adulthood)

Thymosins
(Chapter 22)

THYMUS

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Each is subdivided into:

Adrenal medulla:
Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)

Adrenal cortex:
Cortisol, corticosterone. aldosterone, androgens

ADRENAL GLANDS

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Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)

Adrenal medulla:

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Cortisol, corticosterone. aldosterone, androgens

Adrenal cortex:

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(on posterior surface of thyroid gland)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PARATHYROID GLANDS

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Renin Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol
(Chapters 19 and 27)

KIDNEY

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Numerous hormones (detailed in Chapter 24)

DIGESTIVE TRACT

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Testes (male):
Androgens (especially testosterone), inhibin

Ovaries (female):
Estrogens, progestins.
inhibin

GONADS

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Insulin, glucagon

PANCREATIC ISLETS

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Leptin
Resistin

ADIPOSE TISSUE

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Natriuretic peptides:
ANP and BNP
(Chapter 21)

HEART

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Melatonin

PINEAL GLAND

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can be defined as the complicated network of nerves that carry messages or signals from and to the spinal cord and brain to other parts of the body.

NERVOUS

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it is the collection of glands, which produces hormones that function in regulating the body’s growth and
development, metabolism, tissue function, reproduction, sleep, anger, emotions and other internal functions.

ENDOCRINE

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creates the localized
response which is temporary and reversible

NERVOUS

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the response is spread widely and is permanent.

• primarily work in sending signals to various parts of the body with the help of hormones and act as the chemical
messenger.

ENDOCRINE

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the rate of response is fast and early to the stimuli by the action potentials and neurotransmitters

NERVOUS

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it responds slowly by secreting hormones, travelling through the circulatory system to the target tissue

ENDOCRINE

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the mode of transmission of the signal is through the neurotransmitters which along neurons transmit electrochemical signals

NERVOUS

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the hormones provide the chemical signals and are used to transmit the signal to the target tissue located at any part of the body

ENDOCRINE

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the mode of transmission of the signal is through the neurotransmitters which along neurons transmit electrochemical signals

NERVOUS

the hormones provide the chemical signals and are used to transmit the signal to the target tissue located at any part of the body

ENDOCRINE

electrical signals are sent by use of neurons

NERVOUS

the hormones are transferred through the blood stream or other body fluid to send any messages or signals.

ENDOCRINE

Functions of Endocrine System

Controls homeostasis 2. Maintains water balance 3. Controls uterine contractions 4. Controls milk production 5. Regulates ions (calcium, sodium, potassium) 6. Regulates metabolism and growth 7. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure 8. Monitors blood glucose levels 9. Aids the immune system 10. Reproductive functions

Types of Chemical Signal

Intracellular: Intercellular:

produce in one of part a cell and move to another part of same cell

Intracellular

released from one cell and bind to receptors on another cell

• Intercellular:

Types of Intercellular Signals

Autocrine: Paracrine: Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators Pheromones: Hormones and neurohormones:

: - released by cells and a have local effect on same cell type - Ex. Eicosanoids (released in response to inflammation)

Autocrine

: - released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity - Ex. Somatostatin (inhibits insulin secretion)

Paracrine

(inhibits insulin secretion)

Somatostatin

(released in response to inflammation)

Eicosanoids

- secreted by nerve cells - Ex. Nervous system function

Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators

: - secreted into env't and modify behavior and physiology of other individual in same species - Ex. Women and menstrual cycles

Pheromones

- secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites - Ex. Epinephrine and insulin

Hormones and neurohormones:

Secreted by cells in a local area; influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted

Autocrine

Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid; has a localized effect on other tissues

Paracrine

Produced by neurons; secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals; travels short distances; influences postsynaptic cells

Neurotransmitter

Secreted into the blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues; results in coordinated regulation of cell function

Endocrine

Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes)

Autocrine

Somatostatin, histamine, eicosanoids

Paracrine

Acetylcholine, epinephrine

Neurotransmitter

Thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, prostaglandins

Endocrine

Components of Hormones

Receptor site: Target tissues: Specificity:

location on a cell where hormone binds (lock)

Receptor site:

group of cells that respond to specific hormones

• Target tissues:

specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites

• Specificity:

How does this work?

1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into bloodstream 2. Hormones travel to all parts of body 3. Hormones (key) bind to receptor site (lock) on target tissue

1. Hormones are secreted by - directly into —

endocrine glands, bloodstream

3. Hormones (key) bind to — on target tissue

receptor site (lock)

2. Hormones travel to

all parts of body

How do hormones cause change?

• Alter cell activity of target tissues by increasing or decreasing cell's normal processes • Change permeability of cell membrane by opening or closing ion channels Synthesis of proteins

Alter cell activity of target tissues by —

increasing or decreasing cell's normal processes

• Change permeability of cell membrane by -

opening or closing ion channels

Types of Hormones

Water soluble: Lipid hormones:

- includes proteins, peptides, amino acids - most common - Ex. Growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin, etc.

• Water soluble:

- includes steroids and eicosanoids Ex. LH, FSH, androgens

• Lipid hormones:

(glucagon, prolactin) Membrane-bound receptor

Water-soluble hormone

(thyroid or steroid)

Lipid-soluble hormone

The endocrine system produces two main types of hormones:

1.steroid hormones 2.nonsteroid hormones

, such as cortisol, are manufactured from cholesterol.

Steroid hormones

• Each type of steroid hormone is composed of a central structure of - carbon rings attached to distinctive side chains that determine the hormone's specific and unique properties.

four

• Within the endocrine cells, steroid hormones are synthesized in the

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Since steroid hormones are —, they combine with a protein carrier that transports them through the bloodstream.

hydrophobic

• can pass through the membrane of a target cell.

Fat-soluble steroid hormones

Once inside the target cell, steroid hormones attach to a —-in the cytoplasm. • This hormone- receptor complex then enters the nucleus, where it binds with and activates a specific gene on the cell's DNA molecule. • The activated gene then produces an — that initiates the desired chemical reaction within the cell.

protein receptor molecule enzyme

, such as adrenaline, are composed of either proteins, peptides, or amino acids.

Nonsteroid hormones

• These hormone molecules are not fat-soluble, so they usually do not enter cells to exert their effect. Instead, they bind to receptors on the — • This combination substance then triggers a specific chain of chemical reactions with the cell.

surface of target cells.

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the.

plasma membrane

bind to cytoplasmic receptors and travel to the nucleus or bind to nuclear receptors. Some bind receptors in the cytoplasm and then move into the nucleus.

Lipid-soluble hormones

The hormone-receptor complex binds to a hormone response element on the DNA, acting as

transcription factor.

The binding of the hormone-receptor complex to DNA stimulates the synthesis of —, which codes for specific proteins.

messenger RNA (mRNA)

The mRNA leaves the nucleus, passes into the cytoplasm of the cell, and binds to —, where it directs the synthesis of specific proteins.

ribosomes

The - produce the cell's response to the lipid-soluble hormones-for example, the secretion of a new protein.

newly synthesized proteins

Ex. Blood glucose levels (insulin)

Blood levels of chemicals:

• Other hormones: Ex. —- signals thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

TSH

Nervous system: Ex. — and fight or flight response

Epinephrine

tells body when homeostasis is reached

Negative Feedback:

The —- secretes a tropic hormone, which travels in the blood to the target endocrine cell. The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target.

anterior pituitary gland

The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a —- effect on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and decreases secretion of the tropic hormone.

negative-feedback

The anterior pituitary gland secretes a tropic hormone, which travels in the blood to the target endocrine cell. The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target. The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a negative-feedback effect on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and decreases secretion of the tropic hormone.

Negative feedback by hormones

The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a — effect on the anterior pituitary and increases secretion of the tropic hormone.

positive-feedback

The anterior pituitary gland secretes a tropic hormone, which travels in the blood to the target endocrine cell. The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target. The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a positive-feedback effect on the anterior pituitary and increases secretion of the tropic hormone.

Positive feedback by hormones

Small gland in brain • Controlled by hypothalamus • Divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior • Secretes at least 6 hormones

Pituitary Gland

• Divided into 2 regions of pituitary gland:

anterior and posterior

Pituitary gland excretes at least — of hormones

Six

Anterior Pituitary Gland - Target tissues: most - Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs

Growth Hormone:

Abnormalities: Too much GH causes - Too little GH causes -

giantism pituitary dwarfism

—- within the nervous system cause releasing and inhibiting hormones (blue circles) to be secreted from nerve cells of the hypothalamus.

Stimuli

secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones.

Hypothalamic nerve cells

— leave capillaries, bind to membrane-bound receptors, and influence the secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary cells. pass through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to the anterior pituitary.

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

Target tissues: thyroid gland - Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions - Abnormalities: Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH):

Too much TSH -

thyroid gland enlarges

- Target tissue: ovaries - Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone

• LH (Luteinizing) for females:

- Target tissue: follicles in ovaries - Function: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating) for females:

GONADOTROPINS

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating) for females: LH (Luteinizing) for females:

- Target tissues: kidneys - Functions: conserve water - Abnormalities: Diabetes insipidus:

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):

- low ADH - kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute (watery) urine - can lead to dehydration and thirst

Diabetes insipidus:

- Target tissues: uterus - Functions: increases uterine contractions during labor

Oxytocin

In the posterior pituitary gland, - cause the release of hormones (red circles) from the axons into the circulatory system.

action potentials

Stimuli within the nervous system stimulate — nerve cells to produce action potentials.

hypothalamic

• One of largest glands • Requires iodine to function Thyroid hormones: - Target tissues: most Strerroid - Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is

Thyroid Gland

— Decreased metabolism - Weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue - Low temp. and pulse - Dry, cold skin - Myxedema in adults - Cretinism in infants

Hypothyroidism

— Increased metabolism - Weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness - Higher temp. and pulse - Warm, flushed skin - Graves' disease (leads to goiter)

Hyperthyroidism:

Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland

Hyperthyroidism: Hypothyroidism

causes increased release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) into the general circulation.

TSH

also have an inhibitory effect on the secretion of TSH-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and TSH from the anterior pituitary.

T3 and T4

- Target tissues: bones - Functions: secreted when blood Ca?+ levels

Calcitonin:

- Target tissues: bones and kidneys - Functions: regulates blood Ca?+ levels (more than calcitonin)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH):

osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca 2+ is lost in urine.

Ca 2+ is low

then osteoclasts don't break down bone matrix and more Ca 2+ is lost in urine

If Ca2+ is high

• On kidneys • 2 regions medulla and cortex

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Medulla (inner portion): - Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells

• Epinephrine/Norepinephrine:

stimulated by • Stress • Physical activity • Low blood glucose levels

Hypothalamus

Target tissue • Increases release of glucose from the liver • Increases release of fatty acids from fat stores • Increases heart rate • Decreases blood flow through blood vessels of internal organs and skin • Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart • Decreases function of visceral organs • Increases blood pressure • Increases metabolic rate in skeletal muscles

Adrenal gland

Adrenal Cortex (outer portion): - Type of mineralocorticoids - Target tissues: kidneys - Functions: causes Nat and H2O to be retained and K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume

Aldosterone

Adrenal glands (outer portion):

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal gland (inner portion):

Adrenal Medulla

causes increased secretion of aldosterone, which primarily affects the kidneys.

Angiotensin II

stimulation of the kidneys causes Na' retention, K• excretion, and decreased water loss.

Aldosterone

Increased blood K• levels or decreased blood Na' levels cause the adrenal cortex to — the secretion of aldosterone into the general circulation.

increase

- Type of glucocorticoids - Target tissues: most - Functions: increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses reduces inflammatory and immune responses

Cortisol:

acts on its target tissues to increase protein breakdown and blood glucose.

Cortisol

acts on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to decrease ACTH secretion.

Cortisol

Target tissue • Increases fat and protein breakdown • Increases blood glucose levels • Has anti-inflammatory effects

ACTH-releasing hormone

- Target tissues: most - Functions: Males: secondary sexual characteristics Females: sex drive

Androgens:

- Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors - Symptoms: exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thirst, fatigue - Type I: insulin dependent (daily injections required) - Type II: insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated often found in obese people, can be treated with a diet that can be turned into type 1

Diabetes mellitus:

- (daily injections required) - often found in obese people, can be treated with a diet that can be turned into type 1

Type I: insulin dependent Type II: insulin independent,

The three P's of diabetes are • These terms correspond to - increases in thirst, — urination, and - appetite,

polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia.

increases in thirst,

polydipsia

Increase in urination,

polyuria

Increase in appetite,

polyphagia.

Pineal Body (Gland) •: Target tissues: hypothalamus Functions: plays a role in onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms. Light

Melatonin

• A hormonal imbalance causes women to have irregular periods, abnormal hair growth, excess acne and weight gain. • It can lead to diabetes, increased risk of metabolic syndrome and infertility.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

When a woman's ovaries don't produce enough estrogen, bones become brittle and weak. • Although it is more common in women, men sometimes have it when testosterone levels get too low. • People with an overactive parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism) may also have weak bones

Osteoporosis:

overactive parathyroid gland ()

hyperparathyroidism

Consists of the ductless glands. • It coordinates with the nervous system. • Involvement in the synthesis and secretion of hormones. • Include energy production, utilization, and the control of the composition of the extracellular water and electrolytes. • Involve in maintaining normal growth and development.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

An organic substance that is needed by our body in enough quantities to express a neurological response.

HORMONES

• A small gland located at the base of the brain. • Intimately associated with the pituitary gland. • Secretes hormones that travel by the fertile system and stimulate the anterior pituitary glands. • Production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones.

Hypothalamus

A small gland located at the base of the brain, depression of the skull. • Connected to the brain with a short stalk called the "infundibulum."

Pituitary Gland

Divided into two: Pituitary Gland - ACTH, TSH, GH, PPL, FSH, LH, and MSH - Release of oxytocin and ADH

1. Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis): 2. Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis):

- responsible for growth and development

Thyroxine (T4)

(Undergoes atrophy during adulthood) • Located between the upper part of the sternum and pericardium • Hormone: Thymosins - controls metabolic weight. Involvement in the formation of WBC

Thymus

- controls metabolic weight. Involvement in the formation of WBC

Thymosins

(Small muscles located above the kidney)

Adrenal Glands

(Glucogenesis, sodium retention, potassium excretion in the kidney)

Aldosterone

▪ The gland that promotes the "fight or flight" reaction

Adrenal Medulla:

• Consists of both an exocrine (with ducts) and an endocrine (ductless) gland. (Endocrine part secrete the hormone insulin)

Pancreas/Pancreatic Islets

• - lowers the blood sugar. Inadequate secretion leads to diabetes.

Insulin

Located in the testes or ovary.

Gonads

COMPONENTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • secrete their product directly into the bloodstream • molecules that are released from one location, move to another location and produce a response

Endocrine glands: Chemical signal:

2 TYPES OF PROTEIN Ex. Keratin in hair and skin Ex. Enzymes (Catalysts) and hormones

1. Structural Protein 2. Regulatory Protein

HORMONE RECEPTORS AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION 1. Lipid Soluble Hormones bind to - 2. Water Soluble Hormones bind to - 3. Intracellular Receptor Hormones

Nuclear Receptors Membrane-Bound Receptors

Target tissue: testes Function: sperm production and testosterone

LH for males:

Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes Function: sperm production

FSH for males:

Target tissues: most Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth

Thyroid hormones:

Organ in the abdomen

PANCREAS

Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue Functions: ▪ regulates blood glucose levels after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted, extra glucose is stored in the form of glycogen

Insulin:

Target tissues: liver Function: ▪ regulates blood glucose levels ▪ between meals glucose levels drop and ▪ glucagon is secreted ▪ glucagon allows glycogen to be broken into glucose

Glucagon:

: TESTES o Target tissues: most o Functions: aids in sperm and reproductive organ development and function

Testosterone

OVARIES o Target tissues: most o Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycle

• Estrogen/Progesterone:

THYMUS GLAND •: o Target tissues: immune system tissues o Functions: promotes immune system o Development and function

Thymosin

▪ A disorder that affects the way the body uses the energy from the food we eat. ▪ It develops when the pancreas doesn't make enough of a hormone called insulin, or insulin doesn't work as it should.

Diabetes

happens when the thyroid doesn't produce enough hormones ▪ occurs when it creates too many hormones

Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism

▪ In men, can cause erectile dysfunction. ▪ It can also cause memory and concentration problems, changes in muscle strength, and low sex drive. ▪ It happens when the testes do not produce enough of the sex hormone, testosterone.

Hypogonadism (low testosterone)

Ductless - Ducts -

endocrine exocrine

. Excretes, responsible for Na and K secretion in kidney

Andrenal cortex

Atleast. Three hormones Secretes 6 hormones

Posterior lobe. Anterior lobe.

Located between the upper part of the sternum and pericardium

Thymus

. Fight emergency reactioins

Adrenal medulla

- male pattern baldness, irreversible

Strerroid

Type of diabetes - aging, starts at forty before - Lifestyle

Type two diabetes

Endocrine System Flashcards

(177 cards)