Endocrine system Flashcards
(35 cards)
A posterior pituitary disorder characterized by insufficient antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to polyuria and polydipsia would be called…
A. Diabetes Insipidus
B. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
C. Hypopituitarism
D. Primary Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor leading to Hyperpituitarism
Diabetes Insipidus
When considering disorders of the parathyroid gland, the clinician understands that an inherited condition that leads to low levels of serum calcium and normal levels of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) would be most characteristic of which of the following disorders?
A. Psuedohypoparathyroidism
B. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
C. Hypoparathyroidism
D. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Psuedohypoparathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is an inherited condition that is associated with hypocalcemia in spite of normal or elevated levels of serum PTH (Rogers, p.701, 2022).
Which of the following statements best explains why anthropometric and body diameter measures are most frequently used to calculate BMI in the clinical setting?
A. it is a cheap and easy way to screen for obesity
B. BMI is the most accurate method for directly measuring total body fat
C. Wait circumference measurements ar eno longer considered useful in evaluating for disease risk
D. It is often difficult to obtain accurate height and weight measurements in the clinical setting.
A. it is a cheap and easy way to screen for obesity
Tom is a 40 year old male patient with a medical history of diabetes mellitus 2 and hypertension. He has a history for poor medication compliance and usually states, “my diabetes just isn’t that bad, I don’t feel any different anyways”. On routine blood work Tom’s hemoglobin A1c is 11% and in clinic finger stick is 300 mg/dl. He also mentions during the visit that he is having “tingling in his toes” throughout the day but blames it on standing for extended periods of time. What is not true about diabetic neuropathies?
It is caused by chronic hyperglycemia and ischemia leading to the damage of the nerves
Neuropathy can also affect the stomach and bladder leading to incontinence or diarrhea
There is an increase in electric conduction causing the tingling sensation in diabetic neuropathy
Loss of sensation in diabetic neuropathy can predispose diabetics to further complications
There is an increase in electric conduction causing the tingling sensation in diabetic neuropathy
Weight loss drugs are hot on the market right now. Providers are often asked to prescribe GLP-1 receptor agonists like Ozempic. From our knowledge of clinical pathophysiology why would increasing GLP-1 stimulate weight loss?
It has antilipolytic effects and stimulates lipogenesis on visceral adipose tissue
It is an anorexigenic hormone that causes insulin release, delayed gastric emptying and appetite suppression
It is produced by visceral adipose tissue and increases energy expenditure
It causes leptin resistance
It is an anorexigenic hormone that causes insulin release, delayed gastric emptying and appetite suppression
Jennifer has been recently diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism by her primary care provider. She presents to her primary care office for a health visit and blood work. Blood work revealed that Jennifer has a low calcium and a high phosphorus serum level. Which of the following would not be appropriate for her doctor to encourage to chronically maintain her electrolyte levels within a normal range?
Restrict or limit processed meats and dairy in diet
Take vitamin D and calcium supplements
Avoid phosphate binders
Restrict foods with a high level of magnesium
c & d
Take vitamin D and calcium supplements and restrict foods with a high level of magnesium
Jeff is a nursing student who is currently learning about the endocrine system. Which of the following statements would indicate that Jeff does not understand the pathophysiology of obesity?
Obesity develops from the increased size and number of adipocytes
White adipose tissue does a greater job at protecting against obesity and metabolic syndromes than brown adipose tissue
Lipotoxicity can occur when adipocytes requirements exceed vascular supply, resulting free fatty acids to be distributed elsewhere in the body
Obesity produces a chronic state of inflammation in adipose tissue
White adipose tissue does a greater job at protecting against obesity and metabolic syndromes than brown adipose tissue
Which of the following assessment findings would you not see for a patient who has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa?
High heart rate
Dry skin
Constipation
Blue discoloration of feet
High heart rate
Your elderly patient presents alert and oriented c/o with unilateral, left leg spasms and weakness, along with excessive urination for 1 week. He has a history of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Lab results are bgl 750, Na 130, HgA1c 16.5%. Based on presentation and information patient is likely experiencing?
A. Diabetic ketoacidosis
B. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
C. Diabetes Insipidus
D. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome
One of the first signs of systemic complications from diabetes is:
A. Elevated Glomerular filtration rate
B. Microalbuminuria
C. Diabetic Neuropathy
D. Polydipsia and polyuria
Microalbuminuria
Which statement regarding adipokines and obesity is true?
A. Leptin levels increase to promote food intake when fasting
B. Angiotension II promotes anti-iflammatory properties
C. Adiponectin is insulin sensitizing and cardioprotective properties
D. Ghrelin does not have an impact on satiety.
Adiponectin is insulin sensitizing and cardioprotective properties
Which steroid hormone directly affects carbohydrate metabolism by increasing blood glucose concentration through gluconeogenesis in the liver by decreasing uptake of glucose?
A. Mineralocorticoids
B. Aldosterone
C. Glucocorticoids
D. Androgens
Glucocorticoids directly affect carbohydrate metabolism by increasing blood glucose concentration through gluconeogenesis in the liver and decreasing glucose uptake. Glucocorticoids also inhibit immune and inflammatory responses, suppress growth, and promote protein catabolism.
Which disease of the anterior pituitary includes characteristics of the absence of anterior pituitary hormone?
A. Prolactinoma
B. Acromegaly
C. Hyperpituitarism
D. Hypopituitarism
Hypopituitarism is characterized by the absence of anterior pituitary hormones or the complete failure of all anterior pituitary hormone functions.
Which type of hormone freely crosses the plasma membrane by diffusion & diffuses directly into the cell nucleus and binds to the nuclear receptors?
A. Thyroid stimulating hormone
B. Lipid-soluble (steroid) hormones
C. Water soluble hormones
D. Peptide hormones
Lipid soluble (steroid) hormones freely cross the plasma membrane by diffusion. These hormones diffuse directly into the cell nucleus and bind to nuclear receptors.
The human body has eleven major organ systems, all needed for survival and health. The endocrine system is one of these eleven systems and is vital in maintaining the body’s functioning. Which of the following statements are true regarding the general functions of the endocrine system?
The endocrine system is involved with how the body can rapidly respond to external environmental stimuli.
The endocrine system works to release hormones throughout the bloodstream to regulate long-term processes like metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
The endocrine system assists the immune system with removing pathogens, toxins, waste, and other forms of debris, as well as removing excess fluid from the cells.
The endocrine system comprises bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and vessels, intending to help fight disease and infections.
The endocrine system works to release hormones throughout the bloodstream to regulate long-term processes like metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
A 47-year-old female presents to the emergency department with her family due to having severe, sudden onset of symptoms at home. Her symptoms include confusion with agitation, as well as sweating. Upon taking her vitals, it is determined that she is febrile, and she is also tachycardic. Per her family, she has a history of issues with her thyroid, but do not know any additional information. During the examination, she becomes nauseous with vomiting. Based on this clinical presentation, what might this patient be experiencing?
Thyroid storm.
Solitary toxic adenoma.
Thyroid carcinoma.
Primary hypothyroidism.
A thyroid storm, or thyrotoxic crisis, can result from excessive stressors, leading to increased action from triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) (Waryold, 2022, slide 22). This can be life-threatening and is seen in patients with poorly controlled hyperthyroidism, leading to sudden and severe symptoms. These symptoms include hyperthermia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, agitation or delirium, heart failure, and tachycardia (Waryold, 2022, slide 22).
A 30-year-old male patient enters the clinic for an annual examination. The nurse takes his vitals, as well as his height and weight, and then enters the information into the medical record. The provider then checks the information in the patient’s chart and examines his body mass index (BMI). Which of the following, according to clinical guidelines, best describes obesity?
A waist circumference greater than 36 inches for men and 32 inches for women.
A body fat percentage greater than 14% in men and 20% in women.
A BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2.
A BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2.
A BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2.
The most common clinical sign in hyperthyroidism is:
Goiter
Exophthalmos
Myxedema
Dyspnea
Goiter
Hyperparathyroidism frequently causes the following electrolyte imbalances:
Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
Hyperkalemia and hypomagnesemia
Hyponatremia and hypercalcemia
Hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia
Hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia
Increased secretion of PTH causes hypercalcemia, due to increased bone resorption and increased gut absorption. Excessive PTH also increases renal phosphate excretion, resulting in hypophosphatemia. This combination of increased calcium and phosphate excretion increases risk of renal calcium stone formation. I
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have positive effects on metabolism in all of the following ways, except:
Reduce post prandial glucose levels
Delay gastric emptying
Increase energy expenditure
Promote adipocyte destruction
Promote adipocyte destruction
GLP-1 is an incretin that stimulates insulin release from beta cells in the pancreas, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, increases energy expenditure, and decreases post prandial glucose levels. GLP-1 levels are decreased in people with obesity. Beta-cell resistance to GLP-1 is increased in people with pre-diabetes and DM2 (McCance & Huether, 2019, p 707, 725, 728).
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of lipid soluble hormone receptors?
Activation of second messenger systems
Binding to cell surface receptors
Directly entering the target cells and binding to intracellular receptors
Inducing conformational changes in membrane-bound receptors
Directly entering the target cells and binding to intracellular receptors
Which of the following clinical manifestations is commonly associated with acromegaly?
Enlarged hands and feet
Excessive sweating
High blood pressure
Visual disturbances
Enlarged hands and feet
Which of the following statements about adipokines is true?
Adipokines are only produced by adipose tissue.
Adipokines are not involved in regulating metabolism.
Adipokines have no effect on inflammation.
Adipokines play a role in appetite regulation and energy balance.
Adipokines play a role in appetite regulation and energy balance.
A 40-year-old male presents to the clinic with complaints of fatigue, feeling cold, and unexplained weight gain over the past few months. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The physician explains that the patient’s body is trying to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more hormones by increasing TSH levels, but the thyroid is not responding as it should.
Which of the following best describes the physiological mechanism that would normally occur in response to low thyroid hormone levels?
A) Negative feedback: Elevated levels of T3 and T4 would decrease TSH secretion.
B) Positive feedback: The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates TSH secretion.
C) Positive feedback: TSH directly inhibits TRH secretion.
D) Negative feedback: Low TSH stimulates the release of T3 and T4 directly from the hypothalamus.
B) Positive feedback: The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates TSH secretion.
