Endocrine System

Question 1

What are the control centres of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 2

What are examples of peripheral glands in the endocrine system?

Answer 2

Thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, gonads

Question 3

What are the main mechanisms for hormone regulation?

Answer 3

Feedback loops, hormone action

Question 4

What are the 3 main types of chemical signalling?

Answer 4

Local chemicals, hormones, pheromones

Question 5

What do locally acting chemicals do?

Answer 5

Act on nearby cells (e.g., endorphins, prostaglandins, histamines)

Question 6

Where are hormones made?

Answer 6

Endocrine glands

Question 7

What is the main function of endocrine glands?

Answer 7

To secrete hormones

Question 8

What are the 4 main functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 8

Maintain homeostasis, respond to stress, growth regulation, sexual development

Question 9

What are the two main groups of hormones?

Answer 9

Fatty acid-based (steroids) and amino acid-based hormones

Question 10

What is the solubility of steroid hormones?

Answer 10

Lipid soluble

Question 11

What is the solubility of amino acid-based hormones?

Answer 11

Water soluble

Question 12

What is the role of negative feedback in hormone regulation?

Answer 12

It controls the release of hormones to maintain homeostasis

Question 13

What does thyroxine control?

Answer 13

Metabolic rate

Question 14

How does the hypothalamus regulate metabolic rate?

Answer 14

By releasing thyrotropin hormone to stimulate thyroid hormone release

Question 15

What are target cells?

Answer 15

Cells with specific proteins that bind with hormones

Question 16

How do peptide hormones affect target cells?

Answer 16

They bind to receptors on the cell membrane, activating second messengers

Question 17

What is the role of cyclic AMP (cAMP)?

Answer 17

It acts as a second messenger inside the cell

Question 18

How do steroid hormones affect cells?

Answer 18

They enter cells and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm

Question 19

What is the function of neurosecretory cells?

Answer 19

Carry nerve impulses and secrete substances like ADH and oxytocin

Question 20

What does the posterior pituitary do?

Answer 20

Secretes ADH and oxytocin, controlled by the hypothalamus

Question 21

What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

Answer 21

The hypothalamus controls the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Question 22

What is the function of adrenaline in fight or flight?

Answer 22

Activates adenylate cyclase, which leads to glycogen breakdown into glucose

Question 23

What is amplification in hormone signalling?

Answer 23

A single hormone molecule produces a large number of second messengers

Question 24

What are prostaglandins?

Answer 24

Lipid compounds acting as local hormones

Question 25

What are the functions of prostaglandins?

Answer 25

Inflammation, protect GI tract, regulate reproductive system, affect cardiovascular system

Question 26

What are endorphins?

Answer 26

Neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers and mood enhancers

Question 27

How do endorphins regulate pain?

Answer 27

They bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain perception.

Question 28

How do endorphins affect mood?

Answer 28

Induce feelings of euphoria and well-being.

Question 29

What is the connection between the endocrine and nervous systems?

Answer 29

Both systems use chemical messengers to control body functions

Question 30

What is the link between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

Answer 30

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary, which controls most hormone-secreting glands

Question 31

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 31

It secretes hormones like ADH and oxytocin directly into the blood

Question 32

What is the role of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 32

It releases hormones that regulate other endocrine glands

Question 33

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system in digestion?

Answer 33

It regulates secretion through parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation

Question 34

What is the function of the hypothalamus in hormone regulation?

Answer 34

It detects changes and signals the release of hormones from the pituitary

Question 35

What is the role of neurosecretory cells in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 35

They release ADH and oxytocin in response to nerve impulses