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FMD002 > Foetal and Neonatal Physiology > Flashcards

Foetal and Neonatal Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the process of conditioning sperm in the female reproductive tract called, and what does it involve?

A

Capacitation; involves the removal of glycoproteins and seminal fluid proteins from the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome.

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2
Q

How long does capacitation take?

A

About 7 hours

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3
Q

What hormone do pregnancy tests detect, and which tissue produces it?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG); produced by trophoblast tissues

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4
Q

What are the roles of HCG in early pregnancy?

A

Prolongs the corpus luteum (maintaining oestrogen and progesterone), signals the endometrium, and may cause morning sickness

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5
Q

What structures arise from the ectoderm?

A

CNS and PNS
Sensory apparatus of the ear, nose, and eye

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6
Q

What structures arise from the mesoderm?

A

Vertebral column
Dermatomes and myotomes
Urogenital structures

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7
Q

What structures arise from the endoderm?

A

GI tract
Epithelial linings of the respiratory tract, urinary bladder, urethra

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8
Q

What is the process that forms the trilaminar disc?

A

Gastrulation: forms multiple layers of cells from the blastula, which has a single layer

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9
Q

What is neurulation, and what structure does it form?

A

Neurulation: the neural plate bends and fuses to make a hollow tube, forming the CNS.

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10
Q

What is somitogenesis, and what does it produce?

A

Somitogenesis: the segmentation of mesoderm into somites, which form bone, cartilage, muscle, and tendons.

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11
Q

How does the product of conception ensure its survival in the first 4–6 weeks of pregnancy?

A

Prevents shedding of the endometrial wall.
Promotes endometrial growth.
Anchors itself firmly via implantation

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12
Q

Why are neural tube defects considered a complex disorder?

A

They result from multiple genes and environmental factors, such as folic acid deficiency, maternal insulin-dependent diabetes, and use of certain anticonvulsant medications

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13
Q

When does the foetal heart start beating, and at what rate?

A

During the 4th week after fertilization, with a heart rate of 65 bpm.

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14
Q

What is the peak foetal heart rate, and when does it occur?

A

≈190 bpm at 9 weeks of foetal life.

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15
Q

When can the heartbeat be detected using a Doppler instrument and a stethoscope?

A

Doppler: as early as 8 weeks; Stethoscope: after 20 weeks.

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16
Q

Name four congenital heart defects

A

Transposition of the great arteries
Persistent truncus arteriosus
Septal defects
Hypoplastic left heart

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17
Q

Why do the lungs, liver, kidney, and GIT have low blood supply in intrauterine life?

A

They are not fully functional, whereas the placenta has a rich blood supply

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18
Q

How does umbilical and portal blood bypass the liver?

A

It passes through the ductus venosus.

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19
Q

What happens to the ductus venosus after birth?

A

Portal blood continues to pass through the ductus venosus

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20
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

The heart is in the opposite side of the chest

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21
Q

What is the adult heart series?

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A

Lungs -> L. heart -> Body -> -> -> R. Heart ->

22
Q

What is the Forman Ovale?

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A

a hole between the right and left atria of the foetal heart that allows blood to bypass the lungs before birth.

23
Q

What is Ductus arteriosus?

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A

a blood vessel in the foetal heart that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs before birth.

24
Q

What is the Foetal Heart series

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A

Placenta → Right Heart → Foramen Ovale → Left Heart → Body → Ductus Arteriosus → Aorta → Placenta

25
What does the ductus venosus do?
It allows umbilical venous and abdominal portal blood to bypass the liver
26
What happens to the ductus venosus after birth?
It remains open initially, allowing portal blood to pass through, but contracts 1 to 3 hours later.
27
What induces the closure of the ductus venosus?
The exact mechanism is unknown, but it is thought to be triggered by increasing oxygen levels
28
Is a patent ductus venosus common after birth?
No, it is rare for the ductus venosus to remain open after birth
29
Where does most oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava go in the fetal heart?
It enters the right atrium and flows directly into the left atrium via the foramen ovale
30
What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?
After birth, increased pulmonary blood flow and stronger left ventricle pressure cause the septum primum to close against the septum secundum, preventing blood from flowing back into the right atrium
31
Why does the foramen ovale close after birth?
The pressure in the left atrium increases due to increased pulmonary blood flow, causing the septum primum to close against the septum secundum, sealing the foramen ovale
32
What happens to lung pressure after birth?
Lung pressure is low initially (27/9), but it increases as the lungs become functional and blood flow to the lungs increases
33
Is there any link between a patent foramen ovale and other health conditions?
Yes, there is a thought that a patent foramen ovale (PFO) may be linked to an increased risk of migraines
34
How does deoxygenated blood flow through the fetal heart?
Deoxygenated blood from the head enters the right atrium via the superior vena cava, passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, and is pumped into the pulmonary artery. Most of the blood then bypasses the lungs and flows to the aorta via the ductus arteriosus
35
What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?
After birth, high aortic pressure and increased oxygen levels cause the ductus arteriosus to close, and it becomes fully occluded by fibrous tissue after 1-4 months
36
What is the neonatal blood volume and cardiac output?
Neonatal blood volume is around 300 mL, and cardiac output (Q) is 500 mL/min.
37
What is the neonatal arterial blood pressure?
The neonatal arterial blood pressure is 70/50 mmHg.
38
What is the RBC count in neonates compared to adults?
Neonates have 4 million RBCs/mm³, while adults typically have 4.7-5.2 million RBCs/mm³.
39
What is the WBC count in neonates compared to adults?
Neonates have a WBC count of 45,000/mm³, while adults have about 11,000/mm³.
40
What helps foetal blood transport oxygen?
a) The affinity of fetal hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen is higher than that of maternal hemoglobin. b) Fetal hemoglobin concentration is 50% higher than the maternal level
41
What is hemoglobin (Hb)?
Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues, facilitating oxygen transport in the blood.
42
What happens in Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
In Rh incompatibility, if the mother is Rh-negative and the child is Rh-positive, the mother’s antibodies may destroy the baby’s red blood cells. This doesn't affect the first pregnancy but becomes more likely in subsequent pregnancies
43
What can untreated Rh incompatibility cause?
Untreated Rh incompatibility can lead to brain damage in the neonate
44
How is Rh incompatibility treated?
Treatment includes giving the neonate a blood transfusion with Rh-negative blood or administering anti-Rh D antibodies to the mother
45
When do the metanephroi (precursors of the kidneys) develop?
Metanephroi develop at week 5 and become functional about 4 weeks later
46
What happens to foetal urine?
The foetus urinates into the amniotic cavity, where the urine mixes with amniotic fluid, is swallowed by the foetus, absorbed in the GI tract, and then excreted again.
47
What does the SRY gene do?
The SRY gene causes the production of male gonads and leads to the production of testosterone, which induces the degeneration of paramesonephric ducts (preventing the formation of the uterus and uterine tubes).
48
What do the mesonephric ducts give rise to in males?
In males, the mesonephric ducts give rise to the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, seminal glands, and also contribute to the ureter, renal pelvis, and collecting tubules
49
What happens during the development of the foregut?
The foregut begins as a single tube for the esophagus and trachea, which needs to divide. The lungs arise from a bud at this level
50
What problems can arise from the foregut development?
Problems like tracheoesophageal fistula (TOF), where there is an abnormal connection (fistula) or a blind-ending tube (atresia), can occur.
51
What are the functions of the placenta?
The placenta provides: 1. Nutrition and O₂ for the foetus. 2. Removal of waste products and CO₂. 3. Hormone production. 4. Fetal protection
52
What's the definition of neonate?
0-4 weeks old baby

FMD002 (7 decks)

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