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Animal A&P1 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Hormones

A

Messengers of the endocrine system, produced by endocrine gland cells or modified neurons, secreted directly into the blood stream

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Basic units of the endocrine system, located throughout the body, secrete directly into the blood stream

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3
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete products onto epithelial surfaces through tiny tubes called ducts

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4
Q

Target hormone

A

A cell that has receptors for a particular hormone

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5
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Consists of chains of a few-200+ amino acids arranged like pearls in a necklace, hydrophilic, receptors located on cell membrane of target cells

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6
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Soluble in water

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7
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipids that are synthesized from cholesterol, hydrophobic, receptors are located in cytoplasm or nucleus

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8
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Insoluble in water

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9
Q

Monoamine hormones

A

Derived from amino acids and retain an amino group

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10
Q

Catecholamine hormones

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hydrophilic, transported dissolved in the plasma

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11
Q

Feedback mechanism

A

Controls hormone secretion

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12
Q

Medulla

A

Secretes hormones when directly stimulated by sympathetic nerve impulses when an animal feels threatened

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13
Q

Fight-or-flight response

A

Adrenal medullary hormone released into the bloodstream when an animal feels threatened, which prepares the body for intense physical activity

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon of the brain, located caudal to the optic chiasma

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15
Q

Optic chiasma

A

Optic nerves partially cross, controls appetite, body temp, regulation, and control of wake-sleep cycles

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16
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Referred to as the hypophysis, endocrine gland that is located ventral to the hypothalamus and is attached to it by a slender stalk

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17
Q

Portal system

A

System of tiny blood vessels, links the hypothalamus w the anterior portion of the pituitary gland

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18
Q

Modified neurons in the hypothalamus produce two hormones:

A

Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) and oxytocin

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19
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Store oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, eventually released into bloodstream by nerve impulses from hypothalamus, does not produce any hormones

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20
Q

Anterior pituitary / adenohypophysis

A

Develops from glandular tissue in an embryo, produces 7 known hormones

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21
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones:

A

Growth hormones, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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22
Q

Growth hormone

A

Also known as somatotropin, promotes body growth in young animals, particularly bone and muscle, helps regulate metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in all of the body’s cells

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23
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis

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24
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown

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25
Insulin
Pancreatic hormone, lowers blood glucose levels
26
Prolactin
Hormone in females that triggers and maintains lactation, produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland when stimulated
27
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Also known as thyrotropic hormone, stimulates growth and development of the thyroid gland and causes it to produce its hormones, regulated by feedback from target organ (thyroid gland)
28
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates growth and development of the cortex (outer portion) of the adrenal gland and the release of some of its hormones, generally regulated by feedback from the hormones of the adrenal cortex
29
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stimulates growth and development of follicles in the ovaries and the lining cells of the follicles to produce the secrete estrogen
30
Estrogen
Female sex hormone responsible for the physical and behavioral changes that prepare for breeding and pregnancy
31
Oogenesis
Process in which each follicle in an ovary is an "incubator" for a single, large female reproductive cell, which develops and matures as the follicle enlarges
32
Spermatogensis
Stimulated by FSH in males, development of male reproductive cells, spermatozoa, in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
33
Superovulation
Production of larger than normal numbers of ova, typically induced by drugs like FSH for preparation of embryo transfer
34
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Completes the process of follicle development in the ovary that was started by FH
35
Corpus luteum
Endocrine structure that produces progestin hormones, principally progesterone
36
Progesterone
Hormone which will be necessary for maintenance of pregnancy
37
Testosterone
Male sex hormone produced when LH stimulates interstitial cells in the testes
38
Gonadotropins
Stimulate the growth and development of the gonads (ovaries and testes), FSH and LH are sometimes grouped together here
39
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Associated with control of color changes in the pigment cells of reptiles, fish, and amphibians- animals that can rapidly change colors and color patterns
40
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Helps prevent diuresis (loss of large quantities of water in urine)
41
Diabetes insipidus
Caused by a deficiency of ADH in the body
42
Myometrium
Muscle of the uterus
43
Parturition
Birth
44
Milk let-down
Caused by the effect of oxytocin of active mammary glands, movement of milk down to the lower parts of the gland
45
Calorigenic effect
Thyroid hormone that helps heat the body, regulates the metabolic rate of all the body's cells; that is, the rate at which they burn nutrients to produce energy
46
Thyroid hormone
Produced when TSH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the thyroid gland, consists of two hormones: T4 (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)
47
Calcitonin
Hormone produced by the thyroid gland, produced by C cells located between the thyroid follicles, involved in maintaining homeostasis of blood calcium levels
48
Hypercalcemia
Excessively high blood calcium level, calcitonin helps prevent this
49
Hyperplasia
Overdevelopment
50
Eclampsia
Life threatening condition resulting in muscle tremors and spasms that can progress into seizures caused by loss of calcium in lactating animals
51
Parathyroid glands
Several small, pale nodules in, on, or near the thyroid glands
52
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Also called parathormone, helps maintain blood calcium homeostasis by exerting an effect opposite to calcitonin, helps prevent hypocalcemia (low blood calcium)
53
Adrenal glands
2 adrenal glands are located near the cranial ends of the kidneys, consists of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
54
Adrenal crotex
Outer gland of the adrenal gland, develops from glandular tissue and looks like normal endocrine tissue microscopically
55
Adrenal cortex produces an assortment of hormones that are classified into three main groups:
Glucocorticoid hormones, mineralocorticoid hormones, and sex hormones
56
Glucocorticoid hormones
Effects blood glucose levels, contains cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone
57
Gluconeogenesis
Breakdown products are ultimately converted to glucose in the liver
58
Mineralocorticoid hormone
Regulate the levels of some important electrolytes in the body
59
Aldosterone
Principal mineralocorticoid hormone, affects the level of sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions in the body, target organ is kidneys
60
Polyphagia
Increased appetite
61
Hirsutism
Excessive hair growth
62
Hyperadrenocorticism
Excessive amounts of glucorticoid hormone is being produced by the adrenal cortex, Cushing's disease
63
Adrenogens
Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, minimal effects
64
Adrenal medulla
Inner gland, develops from nervous tissue and resembles nervous tissue microscopically, its hormone-secreting cells are modified neurons that secrete directly into the bloodstream, produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
65
Pancreas
Long, flat, abdominal organ, has both exocrine and endocrine functions, produces insulin
66
Pancreatic islets
Islets of Langerhans, thousands of tiny clumps o cells scattered throughout the pancreas
67
Glucagon
Hormone produced by alpha cells (main endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets), raises blood glucoses levels
68
Erythropoietin
Hormone produced by kidneys, which stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells
69
Gastrin
Hormone produced by cells in the wall of the stomach, secretion is stimulated by presence of food
70
Chyme
Partially digested material from stomach
71
Secretin
Hormone produced by cells in the lining of the small intestine, stimulates the pancreas to secrete fluid rich in sodium bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach
72
Cholecystokinin
Hormone produced by cells in the lining of the small intestine, stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas into the duodenum
73
Placenta
Life support system that surrounds a developing fetus during pregnancy and acts as an interface with the maternal circulation, important endocrine organ
74
Chorionic gonadotropin
Basis of over-the-counter pregnancy tests for humans and blood tests for the detection of pregnancy in horses
75
Thymus
Organ that helps kick start the immune system early in an animal's life, shrinks and nearly dissapears in adulthood
76
Pineal body
Part of the brain located at the caudal end of the deep cleft that separates the two cerebral hemispheres and just rostral to the cerebellum, functions are not well understood yet, but it is known to influence cyclic activities in the body or the body’s biologic clock, produces melatonin
77
Prostaglandins
Hormonelike substances that are derived from unsaturated fatty acids, produced and exert their effects within a variety of body tissues
78
Luteolysis
If administered to a female animal that has a functional corpus luteum in her ovary, PGF2alpha will quickly destroy the corpus luteum

Animal A&P1 (7 decks)

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