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endocrine system (3) Flashcards

1
Q

how fast is the endocrine system

A

mins, hrs and days
way slower than the nervous system

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2
Q

what can be a gland and what is it made up of

A

organ or parts of an organ
many are made of endocrine tissue

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3
Q

what is in the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands and their respective hormones

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4
Q

how do hormones travel and what do they travel to

A

they diffuse directly into the blood (why glands are directly next to blood supply) until they reach their target cells

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5
Q

what are target and non target cells

A

target cells have receptors for a specific hormone who targets them (determined by genes)
non target cells dont have those receptors

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6
Q

what is the difference between a protein derived hormone and a steroid molecule

A

a protein derived hormone is water based while a steroid molecule is fat based

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7
Q

how do water based hormones interact with their target cells compared to fat based hormones

A

water based hormones will bind to receptors at the surface while fat based hormones will diffuse into the cell and bind to receptors inside

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8
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messenger molecules

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9
Q

what are the five results of a hormones binding to a cell receptor

A

change in membrane permeability/potential by opening/closing ion channels
activate/inactivate enzymes
stimulate/inhibit mitosis and meiosis
promote/inhibit secretion of a product
turn on/off transcription of certain genes

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10
Q

how much hormone is required to create a change in target cells

A

pico amount
10^-12

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11
Q

what are the functions of hormones

A

reproduction
growth and development
mobilization of body defenses against stressors
homeostasis
regulation of metabolism

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12
Q

how do amino acid based hormones function compared to steroid hormones

A

protein based use second messenger system
steroid use direct gene activation

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13
Q

what is the water based hormone that uses direct gene activation

A

thyroid hormone (T3T4)

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14
Q

what are the steps of direct gene activation

A

steroid diffuses through the membrane and enters the nucleus
binds to a specific protein (receptor)
hormone-receptor complex binds to specific sites on dna
genes are activated to transcribe mRNA
new proteins are synthesized which either leave or stay in the cell
(can start or stop protein production)

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15
Q

what are the steps of the second messenger system

A

hormone (1st messenger) binds to membrane receptor
activated receptor triggers series of reactions that activate an enzyme
enzyme catalyzes a reaction which produces 2nd messenger molecule (cyclic AMP -> cAMP)
more reactions occur to promote a specific response in the cell

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16
Q

how are hormone levels maintained

A

by negative feedback

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17
Q

what are the types of stimuli that activate hormone glands and what are they

A

hormonal stimuli (other hormones)
humoral stimuli (change in levels of ions/nutrients)
neural stimuli (nerve fibers in sympathetic nervous system)

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18
Q

what are the 9 major endocrine organs

A

pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
thymus (not covered)
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovary/testes

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19
Q

what is the location and function of a pineal gland

A

middle of brain, dorsal
secretes melatonin (sleep/wake cycle)

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20
Q

location, characteristics and components of the pituitary gland

A

under hypothalamus, ventral in the brain (behind nose bridge), looks like balls, protected by sphenoid
made of anterior and posterior lobes

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21
Q

what is the function of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

storing hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH)
does not produce hormones

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22
Q

what is oxytocin and ADH

A

oxytocin: hormone released during childbirth and brestfeeding
ADH (antidiuretic hormone): stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water into blood (leads to dehydration)

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23
Q

how are hormones from the hypothalamus delivered to the posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

using neurosecretory cells

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24
Q

high concentrations of ADH leads to what

A

constriction of arterioles = high BP

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25
what is diabetes insipidus and symptoms
disease caused by the hyposecretion of ADH, increased urination and dehydration
26
how is the activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary controlled
by the hypothalamus producing releasing or inhibiting hormones which are then released in portal circulation hormonal stimuli
27
what is portal circulation between the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe of the pituitary
network of blood vessels
28
what does the anterior pituitary release
peptide hormones: growth hormones (GH) prolactin (PRL) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) thyrotropic hormone (TH/TSH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
29
which of the hormones made by the anterior pituitary affect non endocrine targets
GH and PRL
30
what are the targets and functions of growth hormone (GH)
long bone and skeletal muscle growth causes amino acid to be built into proteins and fat breakdown for fuel
31
what are the targets and functions of prolactin (PRL)
mammary glands (male function unknown) stimulates and maintains milk production after childbirth
32
what hormones made by the anterior pituitary target endocrine tissues and what are these hormones called
FSH, LH, TH/TSH, ACTH tropic hormones
33
what are the targets and functions of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
ovaries and testes stimulate follicle and sperm development
34
what are the targets and functions of luteinizing hormone (LH)
ovaries and testes triggers ovulation of egg stimulates testosterone production in males
35
what are FSH and LH also known as
gonadotropic hormones
36
what are the targets and functions of thyrotropic hormone (TH/TSH)
thyroid stimulates growth and activity of thyroid gland
37
what are the targets and functions of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
adrenal cortex regulates the endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
38
is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland made of endocrine tissue
no because it doesnt produce hormones
39
what happens when there is a lot of GH in childhood, when there is not enough and when there is more in adulthood than usual
high levels in childhood: gigantism low levels in childhood: pituitary dwarfism high levels in adulthood: acromegaly
40
where is the location of the thyroid gland
in front of the trachea in the throat bump/adams apple in neck
41
what are the components of the thyroid gland
left and right lobes connected by an isthmus (bridge) 4 parathyroid glands at the back
42
what does the thyroid gland produce
thyroid hormone calcitonin
43
thyroid hormone characteristics
almost all cells have receptors for it controls metabolic rate of glucose oxidation (for energy and body heat) maintains homeostasis (BP, HR, digestion, nerve and reproductive functions, etc) needed for tissue growth and development
44
what are the two components of the thyroid hormone and what do they contain
T4 and T3 they contain iodine
45
what do T4 and T3 hormones do
T4 is secreted by the thyroid follicles (inactive form) T3 is the active form of T4 which binds to receptors T4 is converted into T3 at target tissues in the bloodstream
46
what endocrine organs coordinate metabolic regulation
hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland
47
calcitonin hormone characteristics
decreases blood calcium by causing calcium deposition on bones (higher concentration when GH is high)
48
what is an antagonistic hormone and two examples
hormones that counter each other in raising/lowering levels of the same molecule glucagon and insulin calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
49
what are the four diseases of the thyroid gland, their causes and symptoms
simple goiter: lack of iodine in diet, no thyroid hormone is produced = swelling of the gland hypothyroidism: not enough thyroid hormone = slow metabolism (weight gain, memory loss, lethargy, etc) hyperthyroidism: too much TH = increased metabolism (high HR, sweating, weight loss, protruding eyes, etc) cretinism: too little TH in fetal development/infancy = dwarfism, delayed mental and sexual development
50
what do the parathyroid glands produce and secrete
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
51
what are the functions of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)
increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone stimulates the kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium into blood vessels antagonistic to calcitonin
52
the pancreas has functions in two organ systems, which ones
exocrine and endocrine
53
what part of the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon
pancreatic islets
54
glucagon and insulin are produced by which types of cells in the pancreas
glucagon is produced by alpha cells while insulin is produced by beta cells
55
insulin and glucagon functions
insulin is released when blood glucose levels are high, stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low, stimulates liver to release glucose into the blood
56
how does diabetes work
after meals, blood glucose levels increase drastically kidneys arent able to reabsorb glucose into the blood fast enough so glucose goes into the urine thats forming by osmosis water follows the glucose cells dont have energy so they break down fats and proteins = weight loss fat breakdown causes blood to become acidic (acidosis/ketosis) which can lead to coma/death if blood pH gets lower than 7.3
57
what are the three signs of diabetes mellitus
polyuria (excess urination): used to flush out glucose and products of fat breakdown polydipsia (excess thirst): to try to replace water loss from urination polyphagia (hunger): to make up for loss of glucose, proteins and fats
58
characteristics of type one diabetes
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) immune system destroys beta cells (no insulin is produced) treatment: insulin injections for life onset is sudden, before adulthood
59
characteristics of type two diabetes
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) target cells receptors have become less sensitive to insulin so theres high levels of blood glucose and insulin treatment: change in diet, more exercise and potentially weight loss
60
where are the adrenal glands
on top of the kidneys
61
what are the components of the adrenal gland in order of most superior
adrenal cortex: mineralcorticoid secreting area, glucocorticoid secreting area, gonadocorticoid secreting area adrenal medulla
62
adrenal gland hormones are water or fat based
fat based cholesterol
63
what does the adrenal cortex produce
corticosteroid hormones
64
what is special about the adrenal medulla
its made of neural tissue
65
what is an example of mineralcorticoid
aldosterone
66
what is the target and function of aldosterone
kidney regulates sodium and potassium blood content and as result regulates water and electrolyte balance produced in outer adrenal cortex
67
examples of glucocorticoids
cortisone and cortisol
68
what is the function of glucocorticoid
promote normal cell metabolism resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose and providing energy anti inflammatory properties produced by middle layer of adrenal cortex
69
when are glucocorticoids released
when ACTH levels are high in the blood
70
what are examples of gonadocorticoids
androgens and estrogens
71
characteristics of gonadocorticoids
small amounts are made throughout life most produced are male sex hormones (androgens) but some female is made made in the lowest layer of the adrenal cortex
72
what parts of the adrenal gland respond to long term vs short term stress
short term is the adrenal medulla long term is the adrenal cortex
73
what is the immune systems response to high cortisol levels
terminating the inflammatory response
74
when chronic stress (high levels of cortisol) occurs what happens to the body
high blood sugar high BP insomnia hypothyroidism poor digestion poor immune system constipation
75
what are the two hormones produced by the adrenal medulla and their category
epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) they're called catecholamines
76
what stimulates catecholamines and what are their functions
stimulated by the nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system prepare body for short term stress (fight or flight) increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood glucose, dilating small passageways of lungs
77
what is the short term stress response
increased HR and BP liver converts glycogen into glucose and release into the blood dilation of bronchioles changes in blow flow patterns (increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity) increased metabolic rate
78
what is the long term stress response and what does each
mineralocorticoids: retention of sodium and water by kidneys, increased blood volume and BP glucocorticoids: proteins and fats are broken down for energy, increased blood sugar, suppressed immune system

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