Endocrine System

Question 1

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 1

In the brain above the brain stem

Question 2

What is the hypothalamus split into?

Answer 2

Anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

Question 3

Which 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

Answer 3

Oxytocin

ADH

Question 4

What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

Answer 4

Growth hormone
TSH 
ACTH
FSH
LH 
Prolactin

Question 5

What is hyperpituitarism caused by?

Answer 5

Adenomas

Question 6

What is hypopituitarism caused by?

Answer 6

Injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation

Question 7

What is the type of pituitary adenoma called?

Answer 7

Prolactinoma - non functional

Question 8

What does abnormal levels of ACTH cause?

Answer 8

Cushing’s disease

Question 9

What does abnormal levels of prolactin cause?

Answer 9

Amenorrhea, sexual dysfunction, infertility

Question 10

What does abnormal levels of TSH cause?

Answer 10

Hyperthyroidism

Question 11

Why does hypopituitarism occur?

Answer 11

Occurs when 75% of the anterior pituitary function is lost.

Question 12

What does the thyroid gland release?

Answer 12

T3 and T4

Question 13

What stimulated the thyroid gland to release T3 and T4?

Answer 13

TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

Question 14

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 14

Grave’s disease - autoimmune.

Over treatment by thyroxine. Infective thyroiditis. Toxic goitre or toxic adenoma.

Question 15

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 15

Bulging eyes, facial flushing, enlarged thyroid, tachycardia, high systolic BP, weight loss, muscle wasting, tremors, diarrhoea.

Question 16

How do you manage hyperthyroidism?

Answer 16

Regular thyroid function tests. Treat the cause. Give carbimazole. Radioiodine or thyroidectomy.

Question 17

What are the causes of hypothyroidism?

Answer 17

Iodine deficiency, autoimmune (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), surgery, pituitary defects, congenital.

Question 18

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 18

Intolerance to cold, hair loss, lethargy, dry skim, muscle weakness, constipation, anorexia, weight gain, low HR

Question 19

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 19

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland. More common in women than men. 45-60 years old.

Question 20

How do you treat hypothyroidism?

Answer 20

Give thyroxine.

Question 21

What is the most common type of thyroid cancer?

Answer 21

Papillary carcinoma.

Question 22

What are the parathyroid glands responsible for?

Answer 22

Calcium regulation.

Question 23

What are the causes of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 23

Thyroidectomy, congenital, hereditary.

Question 24

What are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 24

Due to low calcium: irritability, tetany, seizures.

Question 25

What are the 3 different causes of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 25

Primary - adenoma. Secondary - chronic renal failure. Tertiary - after renal transplant.

Question 26

What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 26

Due to high calcium: constipation, depression, seizures, muscle wasting, polyuria, bone fractures, kidney stones.

Question 27

Which hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 27

Aldosterone, sex hormones, cortisol.

Question 28

What is the main cause of hyperaldosteronism?

Answer 28

Conn's disease

Question 29

What are the symptoms of Conn's?

Answer 29

Oedema, HTN, high sodium, low potassium.

Question 30

What is the role of cortisol?

Answer 30

Essential to life, regulates blood sugar, inhibits inflammation, stress response. Excess release = cushing's syndrome.

Question 31

What are the symptoms of cushiness syndrome?

Answer 31

Osteoporosis, muscle weakness, moon face, buffalo hump, thinning of skin, poor wound healing, obesity, HTN.

Question 32

What are the 3 causes of Addison's disease?

Answer 32

Autoimmune, infection, neoplasms.

Question 33

What are the symptoms of Addison's disease?

Answer 33

GI symptoms, weight loss, hyper pigmentation, low sodium, high potassium.

Question 34

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 34

Adrenaline, noradrenaline.