Urinary System and Male Genital Tract

Question 1

What are the risk factors for a UTI?

Answer 1

Females>males. Sexual intercourse, pregnancy, diabetes, obstructions e.g. stones or catheters.

Question 2

Define bacteruria

Answer 2

Bacteria in the urine.

Question 3

What is a UTI called in the urethra?

Answer 3

Urethritis

Question 4

What is a UTI called in the bladder?

Answer 4

Cystitis

Question 5

What is a UTI called in the prostate?

Answer 5

Prostatitis

Question 6

What is a UTI called in the kidney?

Answer 6

Pyelonephritis

Question 7

What is the most common causative organism of a UTI?

Answer 7

E.coli

Question 8

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

Answer 8

Frequency, dysuria, urgency, haematuria, suprapubic pain

Question 9

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?

Answer 9

High fever, rigors, vomiting, koin pain and tenderness

Question 10

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

Answer 10

Flu-like symptoms, few urianry symptoms, and a swollen prostate on PR.

Question 11

How are UTI’s managed?

Answer 11

Drink plenty of fluids. Urinate often. Antibiotics. Imaging - US. Severe cases will require hospital admission.

Question 12

What are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 12

Maintenance and balance of water, electrolytes and acid-base. Excretion of toxic metabolic waste products. Renin to control blood pressure. Erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production.

Question 13

What are the 2 types of renal failure?

Answer 13

Acute and Chronic

Question 14

Define acute renal failure

Answer 14

A significant deterioration in renal function occurring over hours or days.

Question 15

What are the signs of acute renal failure?

Answer 15

Low urine volume. Rising plasma urea and creatinine levels.

Question 16

What are the 3 categories of acute renal failure?

Answer 16

Pre-renal, renal, and post-renal

Question 17

How is acute renal failure treated?

Answer 17

Find and treat cause. Treat exacerbating factors. Stop nephrotoxic drugs. Renal replacement therapy e.g dialysis.

Question 18

What is chronic renal failure?

Answer 18

classified into 5 stages depending on GFR. Symptoms usually occur by stage 4.

Question 19

What are the common causes of chronic renal failure?

Answer 19

Glomerulonephritis, diabetes, renovascular disease, HTN, polycystic disease.

Question 20

What is Glomerulonephritis?

Answer 20

A group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus. This can cause leakage of protein or blood into the urine.

Question 21

What are stones?

Answer 21

Crystal aggregates that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and can deposit anywhere in the renal tract.

Question 22

What are the risk factors for kidney stones?

Answer 22

Peak age 20-40 years, more common in males. Dehydration, dietary factors, drugs, renal tract abnormalities, recurrent UTI’s.

Question 23

What are the symptoms of stones?

Answer 23

May be asymptomatic. Blood on dipstick. Loin pain, pain on micturition.

Question 24

What is the main type of renal cancer?

Answer 24

Renal cell carcinoma. 85% of all renal cancers.

Question 25

What are the risk factors for renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 25

Smoking, obesity, HTN, exposure to asbestos, hereditary conditions.

Question 26

What are the symptoms of renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 26

Haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass, para neoplastic syndromes.

Question 27

What are the most common malignant tumours in the bladder?

Answer 27

Transitional cell carcinomas.

Question 28

What are the symptoms of transitional cell carcinomas?

Answer 28

Classically - painless haematuria. Frequency, urgency, dysuria.

Question 29

Where is the prostate gland located?

Answer 29

At the base of the bladder and around the first part of the urethra.

Question 30

What is the role of the prostate gland?

Answer 30

Helps in secretion and maintenance of semen and spermatozoa.

Question 31

What is a benign condition of the prostate?

Answer 31

Benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Question 32

What are the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 32

Increased frequency, hesitancy, nocturne, terminal dribbling. increased risk of infection. Enlarged prostate on PR.

Question 33

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

Answer 33

Age, race, family history, hormone levels, diet.

Question 34

What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

Answer 34

May be asymptomatic. Nocturia, hesitancy, poor stream, terminal dribbling. Hard irregular prostate. Raised PSA.

Question 35

What is testicular torsion?

Answer 35

Sudden onset of pain in 1 testis. Pain in abdomen, N&V. Testis is hot, swollen and tender. Requires URGENT surgery.

Question 36

What are the risk factors for testicular tumours?

Answer 36

Undescended testis, infant hernia, infertility

Question 37

What are the symptoms of testicular tumours?

Answer 37

Painless testicular lump often noted after trauma or infection.

Question 38

What is the main type of testicular tumours?

Answer 38

Germ cell tumours - Seminoma.