Female Genital Pathology

Question 1

What are the 4 main presenting complaints related to female reproductive system?

Answer 1

Vaginal bleeding, pain, discharge, infertility.

Question 2

What is the cervical screening - smear test?

Answer 2

A test to view the cervix and take a sample of cells. Every 3 years for 25-49 years and every 5 years for 49-64 years. Aims to detect disease early.

Question 3

How is the HPV transmitted?

Answer 3

By sexual contact

Question 4

What are the risk factors for contracting HPV?

Answer 4

Increased number of sexual partners.

Question 5

What are the symptoms of HPV?

Answer 5

No symptoms.

Question 6

What can HPV cause?

Answer 6

CIN and then cervical cancer.

Question 7

What are the low risk types of HPV?

Answer 7

Warts and verrucas

Question 8

What are the high risk types of HPV?

Answer 8

Cervical cancer

Question 9

What is CIN?

Answer 9

Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia. Its a microscopic lesion that affects the cervix and can develop into cancer if left untreated.

Question 10

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?

Answer 10

HPV, smoking, non attendance to screening.

Question 11

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

Answer 11

Abnormal discharge and bleeding. Cervix appears abnormal on examination.

Question 12

What is cervical carcinoma?

Answer 12

Abnormal cells and invasion

Question 13

What are the treatments for cervical carcinoma?

Answer 13

Local excision or radical hysterectomy +/- chemoradiotherapy

Question 14

What are endocervical polyps?

Answer 14

Benign lesions, usually present with spotting.

Question 15

What is menorrhagia?

Answer 15

Heavy periods >80ml blood loss.

Question 16

What are the causes of menorrhagia?

Answer 16

Fibroids, endometriosis, polyps

Question 17

What are the treatments for menorrhagia?

Answer 17

Mirena coil, mefanamic or tranexamic acid, the pill, hysterectomy.

Question 18

What are fibroids?

Answer 18

Very common benign tumours in the myometrium (uterine wall).

Question 19

What are the symptoms of fibroids?

Answer 19

Heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain or distension

Question 20

What is pelvic inflammatory disease caused by?

Answer 20

Infections, usually sexually transmitted.

Question 21

What are the symptoms of PID?

Answer 21

Abnormal discharge, pain or bleeding.

Question 22

What is a consequence of PID?

Answer 22

Major cause of infertility

Question 23

What is endometriosis?

Answer 23

Endometrial tissue that is in the wrong location. Benign condition.

Question 24

What are the symptoms of endometriosis?

Answer 24

Heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain, painful sex.

Question 25

What are the treatments for endometriosis?

Answer 25

The pill, mirena coil, zoladex, surgery.

Question 26

What are endometrial polyps?

Answer 26

Benign growths from endometrial cavity.

Question 27

What is endometrial cancer?

Answer 27

Cancer of the lining of the uterus.

Question 28

What are the symptoms of endometrial cancer?

Answer 28

Post menopausal bleeding.

Question 29

Risk factors for endometrial cancer?

Answer 29

Nulliparity (never given birth), high BMI, HRT and late menopause.

Question 30

What are the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 30

Obesity and oestrogen exposure.

Question 31

What are the 3 types of ovarian cysts?

Answer 31

Follicular, cystadenomas, benign mature teratomas.

Question 32

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome?

Answer 32

Common condition, multiple cysts on the ovaries.

Question 33

What are the symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

Answer 33

Irregular periods, no periods, infertility, other symptoms.

Question 34

What are the complications of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

Answer 34

Increased CV risk, increased risk of T2DM, increased problems in pregnancy.

Question 35

What type of ovarian cysts can occur in young women?

Answer 35

Benign

Question 36

What type of ovarian cysts can occur in older women?

Answer 36

Malignant

Question 37

What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?

Answer 37

Often asymptomatic, usually present late when already spread.

Question 38

What is a miscarriage?

Answer 38

Loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks. Occurs in approx 15% of pregnancies. Often no cause found.

Question 39

What are the risk factors for miscarriage?

Answer 39

Increasing age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders, diabetes.

Question 40

What are the symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 40

Abdominal or pelvic pain.

Question 41

What are the risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 41

PID, coil, IVF, previous ectopic, pelvic surgery

Question 42

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 42

An extra uterine pregnancy usually occurring in the fallopian tubes.