Endocrine System

Question 1

– are chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream that travel to a specific target in the body and change the functioning of that target

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

hormones’ target can be individual cells, tissues, or –

Answer 2

organs

Question 3

hormone secretion is usually regulated via – mechanism

Answer 3

negative feedback

Question 4

in negative feedback the response of the endocrine system or a target is the – of a stimulus

Answer 4

opposite

Question 5

two hormones with opposing functions

Answer 5

antagonistic hormones

Question 6

in positive feedback systems, the response – a stimulus

Answer 6

amplifies

Question 7

positive feedback mechanisms are – and eventually homeostatic is regained via lack of stimulus

Answer 7

short-lived

Question 8

– is the main link between the endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

hypothalamus – body conditions and makes changes as needed

Answer 9

monitors

Question 10

hypothalamus produces – hormones that influence glands such as the pituitary

Answer 10

regulatory

Question 11

regulates other glands

Answer 11

pituitary

Question 12

the – of hormones is based on their interaction with a receptor on the target cells

Answer 12

specificity

Question 13

only cells that have a – for a specific hormone will be affected by that hormone

Answer 13

receptor

Question 14

because hormones must travel through the blood, making these changes a relatively – process

Answer 14

slow

Question 15

steroids are – soluble

Answer 15

lipid

Question 16

non-steroids are – soluble and classified as peptides

Answer 16

water

Question 17

steroid hormones are derivatives of –

Answer 17

cholesterol

Question 18

nonsteroid hormones are made of modified – or small proteins

Answer 18

amino acids

Question 19

target cell receptors for steroid hormones exist in the – of a cell

Answer 19

cytoplasm

Question 20

target cell receptors for non steroid hormones exist on the – of the cell

Answer 20

cell membrane

Question 21

another hormone category that are lipid-based molecules released from cell membranes

Answer 21

prostaglandins

Question 22

prostaglandins function as sort of – hormone involved in diverse functions such as regulation of body temp, blood clotting, menstrual cramping, and inflammatory response

Answer 22

local

Question 23

T/F: steroids can easily cross the cell membrane

Answer 23

true

Question 24

steroid-receptor complex moves into the nucleus and interacts with – to cause activation of certain genes

Answer 24

DNA

Question 25

T/F: nonsteroid hormones cross the cell membrane

Answer 25

false

Question 26

non steroid hormone itself is termed as a -- messenger since it never enters the cell

Answer 26

first

Question 27

first messengers trigger a series of events within the cell, many of which are moderated by -- found on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

Answer 27

G proteins

Question 28

inactive G protein

Answer 28

GDP attached to them

Question 29

When a signaling molecule (like a non steroid hormone) attaches to a G protein-coupled receptor in the plasma membrane, the receptor becomes active and changes --

Answer 29

conformation

Question 30

conformational change allows the receptor to bind a G protein and activate it by causing it to release its GDP molecule and exchange it for a --

Answer 30

GTP

Question 31

an activated G protein will dissociate from the receptor and then activate an enzyme called

Answer 31

adenylyl cyclase

Question 32

when adenylyl cyclase is activated it converts ATP to -- which functions as a second messenger

Answer 32

cAMP

Question 33

second messengers are -- that change the function of the target cell by altering enzymatic activities and cellular reactions

Answer 33

nonprotein molecules

Question 34

cAMP actives a protein called protein kinase A which will proceed to activate other protein kinases in a type of -- until the proper protein needed to cause the cellular response to the initial first messenger is activated

Answer 34

phosphorylation cascade

Question 35

the phosphorylation cascade is shutdown by -- that will remove the phosphate groups from the activated proteins, thereby deactivating them and stopping their kinase activity

Answer 35

protein phosphatases

Question 36

-- converts cAMP to ATP thus deactivating cAMP

Answer 36

phosphodiesterase

Question 37

alpha subunits of G proteins have intrinsic -- activity , which will cause the bound GTP to by hydrolyzed to GDP causing the deactivation of the G protein and stopping the further activation of adenylyl cyclase

Answer 37

GTPase

Question 38

hypothalamus produce regulatory hormones that control the secretion of hormones from the --

Answer 38

anterior pituitary

Question 39

hypothalamus also makes ADH and oxytocin which are stored and released from the --

Answer 39

posterior pituitary

Question 40

FSH and LH

Answer 40

anterior pituitary

Question 41

TSH

Answer 41

anterior pituitary

Question 42

GH

Answer 42

anterior pituitary

Question 43

prolactin

Answer 43

anterior pituitary

Question 44

ACTH

Answer 44

anterior pituitary

Question 45

endorphins

Answer 45

anterior pituitary

Question 46

in women, it stimulates the secretion of estrogen and assists in egg production

Answer 46

FSH

Question 47

in men, it has a role in sperm production

Answer 47

FSH

Question 48

in women, it stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone and causes ovulation

Answer 48

LH

Question 49

in men, it is involved in testosterone secretion

Answer 49

LH

Question 50

stimulates the thyroid gland

Answer 50

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 51

stimulates growth of muscle, bone, and cartilage

Answer 51

growth hormone (GH)

Question 52

stimulates milk production

Answer 52

prolactin (PRL)

Question 53

stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands

Answer 53

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 54

act on the nervous system to reduce the perception of pain

Answer 54

endorphins

Question 55

allows for water retention by the kidneys and decreases urine volume

Answer 55

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

Question 56

causes uterine contractions during childbirth; also stimulates milk ejection

Answer 56

oxytocin

Question 57

influences patterned behaviors such as sleep, fertility, and aging

Answer 57

melatonin (pineal gland)

Question 58

stimulates the maturation of certain white blood cells involved with the immune system (T cells) decreases with age as the thymus gland atrophies

Answer 58

thymopoietin

Question 59

stimulates the maturation of certain WBCs involved with the immune system; decreases with ages as the thymus gland shrivels

Answer 59

thymosin

Question 60

involved in the development of female secondary sex characteristics as well as follicle development and pregnancy

Answer 60

estrogen

Question 61

involved in uterine preparation and pregnancy

Answer 61

progesterone

Question 62

a type of androgen needed for the production of sperm as well as for the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

Answer 62

testosterone

Question 63

decreases blood sugar after meals by allowing glucose to enter cells to be used for cellular respiration

Answer 63

insulin

Question 64

a lack of insulin or lack of response by cell receptors to insulin is the cause of --

Answer 64

diabetes mellitus

Question 65

insulin is made by -- of the pancreas

Answer 65

beta islet cells

Question 66

increases blood sugar levels between meals by allowing for the breakdown of glycogen

Answer 66

glucagon

Question 67

glucagon is made by -- of pancreas

Answer 67

alpha islet cells

Question 68

made by the heart to lower blood pressure

Answer 68

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 69

used to regulate blood pressure by altering the amount of water retained by the kidneys

Answer 69

renin/angiotensin

Question 70

stimulates the production of RBCs from stem cells in the red bone marrow

Answer 70

erythropoietin

Question 71

released when food enters the stomach; causes the secretion of gastric juice

Answer 71

gastrin

Question 72

stimulates the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes to the small intestine; also stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder to the small intestine

Answer 72

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 73

stimulates the release of fluids from the pancreas and bile that are high in bicarbonate to neutralize the acids from the stomach

Answer 73

secretin

Question 74

placenta secretes

Answer 74

HCG, relaxin, estrogen, and progesterone

Question 75

signals the retention of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) during pregnancy

Answer 75

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Question 76

releases ligament attaching the pubic bones to allow for more space during childbirth

Answer 76

relaxin

Question 77

placenta releases -- and -- to maintain pregnancy

Answer 77

estrogen and progesterone