Immune System

Question 1

immune system exists anywhere – are found

Answer 1

white blood cells

Question 2

immune system differentiates – from –

Answer 2

“self” cells from “non self” cells

Question 3

immune system eliminates both foreign cells and – cells

Answer 3

abnormal self cells

Question 4

– always work the same way no matter what the offending invader is

Answer 4

nonspecific immune defense

Question 5

– prevent foreign cells from entering the body

Answer 5

physical and chemical barricades

Question 6

skin is an example of a – that generally prevents infection

Answer 6

barricade

Question 7

defensive leukocytes: neutrophiles, monocytes, macrophages (mature monocytes) are all capable of –to destroy pathogens that may have entered the body

Answer 7

phagocytosis

Question 8

– enzymatically destroy large pathogens such as parasitic worms that cannot be phagocytized

Answer 8

eosinophils

Question 9

– find self cells that seem to have odd membrane properties and destroy them

Answer 9

natural killer (NK) cells

Question 10

in the case of viral invaders, infected cells can secrete proteins called –

Answer 10

interferons

Question 11

a virally infected cell releases interferons as messengers to –

Answer 11

other cells that haven’t been infected yet

Question 12

interferons work against –

Answer 12

all types of viruses

Question 13

• is a series of plasma proteins that are effective at killing bacteria by causing the lysis of their cell membrane

Answer 13

complement system

Question 14

complement system also enhances – within the area of invasion

Answer 14

phagocytosis

Question 15

when there is damage to tissues, the – will initiate

Answer 15

inflammatory response

Question 16

inflammation is characterized by redness and heat due to –

Answer 16

increased blood flow, swelling, and pain

Question 17

increased blood flow to the infected area is caused by chemical – which is secreted by basophils

Answer 17

histamine

Question 18

histamines make capillaries more – than normal, resulting in increased fluid in the area, causing swelling

Answer 18

permeable

Question 19

swelling can put pressure on –

Answer 19

pain receptors

Question 20

when the body temperature is reset to a higher level by chemical called – , fever is the result

Answer 20

pyrogens

Question 21

controlled fevers are beneficial as they increase – and stimulate other immune defenses

Answer 21

metabolism

Question 22

overly high fevers are dangerous and can cause the –

Answer 22

denaturing of critical enzymes

Question 23

Since specific defense are customized, they take at least – to be created

Answer 23

a week

Question 24

substance that elicit an immune response

Answer 24

antigen

Question 25

lymphocytes are derived from stem cells in the --

Answer 25

red bone marrow

Question 26

B cells complete their maturation in the --

Answer 26

bone marrow

Question 27

T cells mature in the --

Answer 27

thymus gland

Question 28

-- involves B cells, which ultimately secrete antibodies to destroy foreign antigens

Answer 28

humoral immunity

Question 29

-- involves T cells to destroy infected or cancerous cells

Answer 29

cellular/cell-mediated immunity

Question 30

a specific variety of T cell known as the -- is the key coordinator of both humoral and cellular reposes, which happen simultaneously

Answer 30

helper T cell

Question 31

each B cell displays a specific -- on its membrane

Answer 31

antibody

Question 32

activation of a B cell is based on --

Answer 32

shape recognition b/t B cell antibody and antigen

Question 33

activation --> proliferation of that B cell -->

Answer 33

plasma cells and memory B cells

Question 34

B cells that actively secrete antibodies

Answer 34

plasma cells

Question 35

produce the same type of antibody as the original cell from which they were derived

Answer 35

memory B cells

Question 36

key event of the primary immune response that leads to active immunity

Answer 36

clonal selection

Question 37

once an antibody binds to an antigen, the formed complex will either be phagocytized or will -- and later be removed by other phagocytic cells

Answer 37

agglutinate

Question 38

primary immune response and active immunity can be achieved by nature exposure to an antigen or by --

Answer 38

vaccination

Question 39

on subsequent exposures to the same antigen, the memory B cells can proliferate into -- which then produces antibodies

Answer 39

plasma cells

Question 40

while antibodies do not circulate for long once an antigen has been destroyed, -- can last for years

Answer 40

memory B cells

Question 41

sometimes antibodies are passed down

Answer 41

passive immunity

Question 42

during pregnancy maternal antibodies cross the -- and during breastfeeding

Answer 42

placenta

Question 43

passive immunity can be induced by the -- from one individual to another

Answer 43

injection of antibodies

Question 44

passive immunity is --

Answer 44

short-lived (decline in few months)

Question 45

T cells have a -- that recognizes the shape of one particular antigen

Answer 45

cell membrane receptor

Question 46

-- cannot be directly activated by contact with the antigen

Answer 46

T cells

Question 47

antigen presentation is done via cell-surface proteins known as

Answer 47

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 48

class I MHC are found on the surface of

Answer 48

all nucleated cells

Question 49

class II MHC are found on the surface of

Answer 49

professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)

Question 50

in the case of typical nucleated cells, when the cell becomes infected, the pathogen's proteins will be broken down into smaller pieces called --

Answer 50

antigen fragments

Question 51

antigen fragments will be placed on class I MHC molecule and be presented to

Answer 51

activated cytotoxic T cell

Question 52

cytotoxic T cell will release -- which will form pores on the infected cell's plasma membrane

Answer 52

perforin

Question 53

cytotoxic T cell will release -- which will break down the infected cell's proteins

Answer 53

granzymes

Question 54

proteins are regularly broken down by the cell and placed on --

Answer 54

class I MHC molecules

Question 55

However, these "self" proteins should not become -- to cytotoxic T cells since the T cells should not have receptors for these "self" proteins as they are not foreign

Answer 55

bound

Question 56

only when -- are presented on the class I MHC molecules should cytotoxic T cels bind to the cell

Answer 56

foreign proteins

Question 57

cell presenting the antigen secretes -- as it binds to the helper T cell

Answer 57

chemical interleukin-1

Question 58

-- secretes interleukin-2

Answer 58

helper T cell