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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth hormone is made in which gland?

A

Anterior pituitary

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2
Q

TSH is secreted by which gland?

A

Anterior pituitary

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3
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by which gland?

A

Anterior pituitary

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4
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin is secreted by which gland?

A

Posterior pituitary

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5
Q

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3) are secreted by which gland?

A

Thyroid

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6
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by which gland?

A

Parathyroid

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7
Q

Epinephrine & norepinephrine are secreted by which gland?

A

Adrenal medulla

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8
Q

Corticosteroids are secreted by which gland?

A

Adrenal cortex

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9
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by which gland?

A

Pancreas

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10
Q

Target tissue for GH?

A

All body cells

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11
Q

Target tissue for TSH

A

Thyroid gland

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12
Q

Target tissue for ACTH?

A

Adrenal cortex

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13
Q

Target tissue for ADH?

A

Renal tubules, vascular smooth muscle

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14
Q

Target tissue for T4 & T3?

A

All body tissues

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15
Q

Target tissue for PTH?

A

Bone, intestine, kidneys

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16
Q

Target tissue for epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Sympathetic effectors

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17
Q

Target tissue for corticosteroids?

A

All body tissues

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18
Q

Target tissue for somatostatin?

A

Pancreas

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19
Q

Function of GH?

A

Growth and tissue repair

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20
Q

Function of TSH?

A

Synthesis/release of thyroid hormones, growth & function of thyroid gland

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21
Q

Function of ACTH?

A

Stimulates secretion of corticosteroids

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22
Q

Function of ADH

A

Promotes reabsorption of water, vasoconstriction

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23
Q

Function of T4

A

Precursor to T3

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24
Q

Function of T3

A

Regulates metabolic rate of all cells & processes of cell growth & tissue differentiation

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25
Function of PTH
Regulates calcium & phosphorus blood levels, promotes bone demineralization & ⬆️ intestinal absorption of Ca, ⬆️ Ca levels
26
Function of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Increases in response to stress
27
Function of corticosteroids
Promote metabolism, ⬆️ in response to stress, anti inflammatory
28
Aldosterone is secreted by which gland?
Adrenal cortex
29
Target tissue of aldosterone
Kidney
30
Function of aldosterone
Regulates Na & K+ balance & thus water balance
31
Function of somatostatin
Inhibits insulin & glucagon secretion
32
What is acromegaly?
Overproduction of GH
33
What is the common cause of acromegaly?
Benign pituitary tumor
34
Manifestations of acromegaly
``` Enlargement of feet/hands Joint pain-carpal tunnel Speech difficulties-large tongue Sleep apnea Headaches Thick, leathery, oily skin Peripheral neuropathy Proximal weakness ```
35
How is acromegaly dx?
H/P IGF-1 eval Oral glucose test
36
How is acromegaly treated?
Surgery-tx of choice; best cure Radiation-when sx failed/poor sx candidate Drug therapy-octreotide & somavert Older pics
37
What is octreotide?
Drug tx acromegaly
38
What are therapeutic effects of octreotide?
⬇️ GH levels to normal
39
How is octreotide given?
SQ 3x's/wk
40
What is somavert?
Drug therapy for tx of acromegaly
41
Therapeutic effect of somavert
Reduces effect of GH by blocking hepatic production of IGF-1
42
Acromegaly is a disorder of which gland?
Anterior pituitary
43
Post-op nursing interventions for sx for acromegaly tx?
HOB 30deg Monitor for neuro problems-pupils, speech, extremity strength Oral care Q4 hours; 🙅🏽 teeth brushing at least 10 days Avoid couging, sneezing 🤧, straining
44
In SIADH which gland has the disorder?
Posterior pituitary gland
45
What is SIADH?
Overproduction/oversecretion of ADH
46
What causes SIADH?
Malignant tumor-small cell lung cx (most common) CNS disorders-head injury Drug therapy-carbamazepine, opioids, thiazides diuretics
47
Manifestations of SIADH
``` Hyponatremia Thirst Dyspnea on exertion Fatigue Low urine output ⬆️ wt Fluid retention ```
48
When sodium levels fall below ____ manifestations become extremely severe
120
49
Complications of acromegaly
⬆️ ICP bleeding Infection-meningitis
50
Dx of SIADH
Measurements of urine & serum osmolality
51
Tx SIADH
``` Treat underlying cause 🛑 meds that stimulate release of ADH daily wts Fluid restriction Diuretics K+ supplements Slow Na+ replacement ```
52
Mild sx and Na+ >125=______mL/day?
800-1,000mL
53
Severe sx SIADH and IV hypertonic saline solution=____mL/day
500mL
54
What is Demeclocycline?
Drug therapy tx SIADH
55
What does demeclocycline do?
Blocks effects of ADH on renal tubules=a more dilute urine
56
What is diabetes insipidus?
Deficiency of production/secretion of ADH or a ⬇️ renal response to ADH
57
Manifestations of DI
``` Polydipsia Polyuria = 2-20L/day w/ low specific gravity <1.005 ⬆️ serum osmolality Hypernatremia Fatigue Weakness ```
58
Complications of DI
Severe dehydration= poor skin turgor, hypotension, tachycardia Hypovolemic shock Coma
59
Dx DI
Water deprivation test
60
Tx DI
``` Fluid/hormone therapy Fluid replacement=D5W, hypotonic saline Desmopressin ⬇️Na+ diet = 🙅🏽more than 3G/day Thiazide diuretics ```
61
When ⬇️Na+ diet and thiazide diuretics aren't effective what can be given to help ⬆️ renal responsiveness to ADH?
Indomethacin= NSAID
62
What is hyperthyroidism or Grave's disease?
Hyperactivity of thyroid gland w/ sustained ⬆️ in synthesis & release of thyroid hormones
63
Causes of hyperthyroidism
``` Insufficient iodine supply Infection Stress Cigarette smoking Development of antibodies to TSH receptor ```
64
Manifestations of hyperthyroidism
``` Goiter Tremor Wt. loss Exopthalmos: protrusion of eyeballs from orbits Palpitations Acropachy:clubbing of digits ```
65
Complications of hyperthyroidism
``` Severe tachycardia HF Shock Hyperthermia Seizures Coma Thyroid storm: thyrotoxicosis ```
66
What is thyroid storm?
Acute, sever condition when excessive amounts of thyroid hormone are released into circulation
67
Dx hyperthyroidism
⬇️TSH levels ⬆️ Free T4 levels RAIU- differentiates Graves from other thyroiditis
68
Tx hyperthyroidism
``` Radioactive Iodine therapy (tx of choice) Antithyroid drugs Iodine Beta blockers thyroidectomy High calorie diet = 4-5,000 cal/day ```
69
Tx of thyroidtoxicosis
``` Iodine Beta blockers (symptomatic relief) ```
70
Post-op nursing interventions for thyroidectomy
Teach tray should be in room Assess Q 2hours x 24 hours for sx: hemorrhage or tracheal compression Semi-fowlers position Monitor Vs & Ca+ levels
71
S/S of hemorrhage or tracheal compression after thyroidectomy
Irregular breathing Neck swelling Frequent swallowing
72
What is hypothyroidism
Deficiency of thyroid hormone that causes general slowing of metabolic rate
73
Causes of hypothyroidism
``` Destruction of thyroid tissue Defective hormone synthesis Pituitary disease = ⬇️TSH secretion Atrophy of thyroid gland (most common cause) Drugs: Amiodarone, lithium ```
74
Manifestations of hypothyroidism
``` Fatigue Lethargy Wt gain Anemia Myxedema Personality/mental changes ```
75
S/S of myxedema
Puffiness Facial/periorbital edema Prominent tongue Coarse, sparse hair
76
Complications of hypothyroidism
Mental sluggishness Drowsiness Lethargy Myxedema coma-medical emergency
77
S/S of myxedema coma
Subnormal temp Hypotension Hypoventilation
78
Dx hypothyroidism
TSH & Free T4
79
Tx hypothyroidism
Hormone therapy-synthroid | Low calorie diet
80
What is hyperparathyroidism
Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone
81
Causes of hyperparathyroidism
Increased Ca+ levels | Benign tumor in parathyroid gland (most common cause)
82
Manifestations of hyperparathyroidism
``` Muscle weakness Loss of appetite Constipation Fatigue Emotional disorders Shortened attn span Osteoporosis Fractures Kidney stones ```
83
Manifestations of hyperparathyroidism are R/T what?
Hypercalcemia
84
Complications of hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure Pancreatitis Cardiac changes Fractures-long bone, rib, vertebrae
85
Dx hyperparathyroidism
``` PTH level Ca+ level >10 Phosphorus level <3 Chem panel MRI CT U/S DEXA scan ```
86
Tx hyperparathyroidism
``` Surgery Continued ambulation High fluid & moderate calcium diet Biphosphates Phosphorus supplements Loop diuretics ```
87
What is hypoparathyroidism
Inadequate circulating PTH; Characterized by hypocalcemia
88
Causes of hypoparathyroidism
Accidental removal of parathyroid glands | Accidental damage to vascular supply of glands during neck surgery
89
Manifestations of hypoparathyroidism
Tetany Tingling lips Stiffness in extremities Positive Chvosteks sign or Trousseaus phenomenon
90
Tx of hypoparathyroidism
Treat complications IV Ca+ or oral Vit D along w/ calcium High calcium diet
91
When giving IV Ca+ why do you need to monitor pt with ECG?
⬆️ levels can cause hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmias, or cardiac arrest
92
Manifestations of hypoparathyroidism are D/T
Hypocalcemia
93
What is Cushing's syndrome
Condition from chronic exposure to excess corticosteroids, particularly glucocorticoids
94
Causes of Cushing's
Iatrogenic administration of corticosteroids (prednisone) (most common cause) Adrenal tumors Ectopic ACTH production by tumors (usually lung/pancreas
95
Manifestations of Cushing's
``` Wt gain Adipose tissue in trunk, face, cervical spine area Hyperglycemia Weakness Osteoporosis Irritability Anxiety Euphoria Psychosis Acne ```
96
Dx Cushing's
Plasma cortisol 24 hour urine- for free cortisol Ct scan/MRI of adrenal glands
97
Thx Cushing's
``` Remove adenoma w/surgery Radiation Drug therapy Gradual DC of corticosteroid therapy ⬇️ corticosteroid dose Conversion to QOD regimen ```

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