Endocrine System

Question 1

Six anterior pituitary hormones:

Answer 1

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, Prolactin, Growth Hormone

Question 2

Two posterior pituitary hormones:

Answer 2

Antidiuretic Hormone and Oxytocin

Question 3

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH) targets:

Answer 3

ovaries & testes

Question 4

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) targets:

Answer 4

adrenal cortex of adrenal gland

Question 5

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets:

Answer 5

thyroid gland

Question 6

Prolactin (PRL) targets:

Answer 6

mammary glands & testes

Question 7

Growth hormone (GH) targets:

Answer 7

liver, muscle, bone cartilage, and most other cells

Question 8

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets:

Answer 8

kidneys

Question 9

Oxytocin (OT) targets:

Answer 9

uterus & mammary glands

Question 10

stimulates target organ to secrete its hormones:

Answer 10

tropic hormone

Question 11

anterior pituitary tropic hormones:

Answer 11

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Question 12

anterior pituitary non-tropic hormones:

Answer 12

GH & PRL

Question 13

FSH stimulates:

Answer 13

sex cell production (ovaries/testes) & estrogen

Question 14

LH stimulates:

Answer 14

hormonal activity of gonads (ovaries/testes) & ovulation

Question 15

ACTH regulates:

Answer 15

endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids

Question 16

TSH promotes:

Answer 16

normal development & activity of thyroid

Question 17

GH stimulates:

Answer 17

growth of all body tissues especially skeletal muscle and bone

Question 18

PRL stimulates:

Answer 18

breast development, promotes & maintains lactation by mammary glands (after childbirth)

Question 19

Stimulated by cervical/uterine stretch & suckling infant; positive feedback mechanism:

Answer 19

Oxytocin

Question 20

Influences water balance, targets the kidneys; helps to avoid dehydration by preventing urine formation i.e., helps body conserve water

Answer 20

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 21

Adrenal cortex: produces 3 major groups of steroid hormones collectively called:

Answer 21

corticosteroids

Question 22

Mainly aldosterone, regulates water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids, mainly by regulating sodium ion reabsorption by kidney tubules; main function is to target kidneys, stimulates Na+ reabsorption & H2O retention; elimination of K+

Answer 22

Mineralcorticoids

Question 23

Mainly cortisol, targets most cells, helps the body resist stress by increasing blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acid level & blood pressure

Answer 23

Glucocorticoids

Question 24

Mainly androgens (sex hormones released from cortex - converted to testosterone or estrogen, but not progesterone), main function male development and reproductive physiology

Answer 24

Gonadocorticoids

Question 25

Maturation of female reproductive organs, appearance of female secondary sexual characteristics, breast development and cyclic changes in the uterus:

Answer 25

Estrogen and Progesterone

Question 26

Targets uterus and promotes maintenance of uterine lining necessary for successful pregnancy:

Answer 26

Progesterone

Question 27

Promotes development and maintenance of female sex characteristics; helps prepare breast tissue for lactation:

Answer 27

Estrogen

Question 28

Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs, causes appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive, necessary for normal sperm production, maintains reproductive organs in their functional state:

Answer 28

Testosterone

Question 29

Most potent stimulator of the heart & metabolic activities:

Answer 29

Epinephrine (80%)

Question 30

More influence on peripheral vasoconstriction & blood pressure:

Answer 30

Norepinephrine (20%)

Question 31

Primary function is to control rate of body metabolism & cellular oxidation (affects virtually every cell in the body); really 2 physiology active hormones (T4 and T3):

Answer 31

Thyroid hormone

Question 32

Decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposit in bones (antagonist to parathyroid hormone)

Answer 32

Calcitonin

Question 33

Targets skeletal (bone), intestines & kidneys; secreted in response to hypocalcemia; regulates calcium balance in blood; stimulates osteoclasts (bone destroyers) to digest bone matrix; enhances reabsorption Ca2+, increases absorption of Ca2+; Rising Ca2+ in the blood inhibits further release of this hormone

Answer 33

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 34

Targets liver; released by alpha cells when blood levels of glucose are low; stimulates liver to release glucose to the blood; antagonist to insulin

Answer 34

Glucagon

Question 35

Targets most tissues; released by beta cells when level of blood glucose rises; increases rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells; antagonizes the effects of glucagon

Answer 35

Insulin

Question 36

Hypersecretion of ADH causes:

Answer 36

SIADH, syndrome of inappropriate ADH Secretion; edema, headache & disorientation

Question 37

Hyposecretion of ADH causes:

Answer 37

Diabetes insipidus (insatiable thirst aka polydipsia; excessive urination aka polyuria)

Question 38

Hypersecretion of TSH causes:

Answer 38

Graves Disease; autoimmune disease; antibodies mimic TSH so it causes too much thyroid hormone to be released

Question 39

Hyposecretion of TSH causes:

Answer 39

Adult Myxedema, child cretinism, mental retardation, &physical sluggishness, obese, cold intolerant

Question 40

Hyperparathyroidism causes:

Answer 40

(Tumor): bones soften and deform, elevated Ca2+ depresses the nervous system and contributes to formation of kidney stones

Question 41

Hypoparathyroidism causes:

Answer 41

(Gland trauma or removal): tetany, respiratory paralysis, & death

Question 42

Insulin hypersecretion causes:

Answer 42

Hypoglycemia, disorientation, unconsciousness

Question 43

Insulin hyposecretion results in:

Answer 43

Diabetes mellitus; polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 44

Hypersecretion of GH:

Answer 44

Child gigantism, adult acromegaly

Question 45

Hyposecretion of GH:

Answer 45

Child pituitary dwarfism

Question 46

Hypersecretion of Aldosterone:

Answer 46

Aldosteronism (hypertension & edema due to excessive Na+; excretion of K+ leading to abnormal function of neurons & muscles)

Question 47

Hyposecretion of mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids:

Answer 47

Addison's Disease

Question 48

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids results in:

Answer 48

Cushing's Syndrome

Question 49

Hyposecretion of glucoroticoids and mineralcorticoids results in:

Answer 49

Addison's Disease