Urinary System

Question 1

term meaning “behind the peritoneum”

Answer 1

retroperitoneum

Question 2

structure that transports urine from bladder to outside

Answer 2

urethra

Question 3

type of nephron with long loops of Henle

Answer 3

juxtamedullary nephron

Question 4

type of nephron with short loops of Henle

Answer 4

cortical nephron

Question 5

triangular area on floor of urinary bladder; consisting of the two posterior openings of the ureters and the anterior urethral opening

Answer 5

trigone

Question 6

smooth muscle layer in urinary bladder

Answer 6

detrusor muscle

Question 7

type of epithelial tissue lining the interior or urinary bladder

Answer 7

transitional epithelium

Question 8

folds in mucosa of urinary bladder

Answer 8

rugae

Question 9

capillary network within the Bowman’s capsule

Answer 9

glomerular

Question 10

capillary network around nephron tubules

Answer 10

peritubular capillaries

Question 11

process that only occurs in the Bowman’s capsule

Answer 11

filtration

Question 12

process where substances are taken back out of the nephron and put back into blood

Answer 12

reabsorption

Question 13

process where substances remaining in blood are actively transported into the nephron

Answer 13

secretion

Question 14

inner region of kidney that contains the loops of Henle and collecting ducts

Answer 14

medulla

Question 15

outer region of kidney that contains the Bowman’s capsules and convoluted tubules

Answer 15

renal cortex

Question 16

list the structures from the beginning of the formation of filtrate to where urine is expelled to the outside, in order;

Answer 16

1. Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule, 2. Proximal convoluted tubule, 3. Loop of Henle, 4. Distal convoluted tubule, 5, Collecting duct, 6. Papillae/papillary duct, 7. Minor calyx, 8. Major calyx, 9. Renal pelvis, 10. Ureter, 11. Urinary bladder, 12. Urethra

Question 17

list the blood vessels in order of blood flow;

Answer 17

1. Aorta, 2. Renal artery, 3. Segmental artery, 4. Interlobar artery, 5. Arcuate artery, 6. Cortical radiate artery, 7. Afferent arteriole, 8. Glomerulus, 9. Efferent arteriole, 10. Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta, 11. Cortical radiate vein, 12. Arcuate vein, 13. Interlobar vein, 14. Renal vein, 15. Inferior vena cava

Question 18

functions of the urinary system:

Answer 18

• remove waste products such as urea and ammonia from blood

- regulating the fluid volume, the acid-base balance, and the electrolyte balance of blood

Question 19

the overall gross anatomy of the urinary system includes the:

Answer 19

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra

Question 20

location of kidneys:

Answer 20

posterior abdominal wall

Question 21

which kidney is slightly lower than the other? why?

Answer 21

the right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the liver above it

Question 22

true or false:

both kidneys are behind the peritoneum

Answer 22

true

Question 23

each kidney has a fibrous renal capsule for what purpose?

Answer 23

protection against infection

Question 24

each kidney has an adipose capsule for what purpose?

Answer 24

help cushion and hold the kidney in place

Question 25

In anorexic patients, the adipose tissue is depleted. This can cause:

Answer 25

nephroptosis (where the kidney can drop down too low or even become detached from the wall)

Question 26

How will nephroptosis affect urine flow?

Answer 26

- builds pressure in the kidneys and damage it | - "kink" the ureter

Question 27

on the medial side of each kidney is the:

Answer 27

hilum

Question 28

the renal artery and vein, the ureter, nerves, and lymphatic vessels can enter/leave the kidney here:

Answer 28

hilum

Question 29

What connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder on its posterior-inferior surface?

Answer 29

ureters

Question 30

What prevents urine from backing up into the ureters when the bladder contracts?

Answer 30

a small flap of tissue

Question 31

urine is moved down to the urinary bladder by:

Answer 31

- peristalsis - gravity - hydrostatic pressure

Question 32

urinary bladder location:

Answer 32

under the peritoneum at the base of the pelvic cavity

Question 33

urinary bladder function:

Answer 33

serves as a temporary storage site for urine

Question 34

How many layers of tissue make up the bladder?

Answer 34

three

Question 35

outer layer of the urinary bladder:

Answer 35

peritoneum (only on the top of the bladder) and the adventitia on the sides of the bladder

Question 36

middle layer of the urinary bladder:

Answer 36

is three layers of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle; activation of the detrusor muscle will contract the urinary bladder, expelling the urine

Question 37

Certain medications help suppress the activity of the detrusor muscle. Which problem are these medications used to treat?

Answer 37

- overactive bladder, incontienence (bladder leakage) | - medication = detro

Question 38

inner layer of the urinary bladder:

Answer 38

mucosa composed of transitional epithelium

Question 39

in an empty bladder, what wrinkles/folds can be seen?

Answer 39

rugae

Question 40

Why is the trigone area clinically important?

Answer 40

bladder infections usually start and persist in this area

Question 41

the female urethra is short

Answer 41

1.5 inches

Question 42

the male urethra is longer than females

Answer 42

8 inches (approx.)

Question 43

true or false: | the male urethra is used for both urinary and reproductive systems

Answer 43

true

Question 44

There are three regions of the male urethra:

Answer 44

- prostatic urethra - membranous urethra - spongy (penile) urethra

Question 45

The prostatic urethra:

Answer 45

runs through the prostate gland

Question 46

The membranous urethra:

Answer 46

is just the section of the urethra that passes through the urogenital diaphragm

Question 47

true or false: | in both males and females, there are two urethral sphincters to prevent urine from flowing

Answer 47

true

Question 48

The internal urethral sphincter:

Answer 48

is made of smooth muscle, is located at the opening of the urethra in the bladder wall

Question 49

The external urethral sphincter:

Answer 49

is made of skeletal muscle, is located at the urogenital diaphragm

Question 50

When a young child is being potty-trained, which urethral sphincter is he/she learning to control?

Answer 50

external urethral sphincter

Question 51

The kidney has three basic regions:

Answer 51

- renal cortex - renal medulla - renal sinus

Question 52

The renal cortex:

Answer 52

is the outer layer of tissue; it contains the renal corpuscles (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; the cortex extends down the columns of the medulla

Question 53

The renal medulla region:

Answer 53

is made up of the renal pyramids and the columns; the pyramids contain the nephron loops (loops of Henle) and the collecting ducts; the collecting ducts all converge, producing the cone-shaped appearance of the pyramids; at the tips of the pyramids are the papilla - here urine from the collecting ducts drain into the renal sinus; the columns contain the interlobar arteries and veins

Question 54

The renal sinus:

Answer 54

is the area next to the hilum; it contains all the urine-collecting structures (the calyces and pelvis), blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves; adipose tissues fills up any remaining spaces

Question 55

As urine drains from the papilla (the tips of the pyramids), urine flows to the outside:

Answer 55

papilla - minor calyces - major calyces - renal pelvis - ureter

Question 56

The functional unit of the urinary system:

Answer 56

nephron

Question 57

There are approximately how many nephrons in each kidney?

Answer 57

one million nephrons

Question 58

The structure of the nephron, in order of filtration, is:

Answer 58

Bowman's (glomerular) capsule - proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - loop of Henle (nephron loop) - distal convoluted tubule (DCT) - collecting duct

Question 59

There are three physiological processes that occur in the nephron:

Answer 59

- Filtration - Reabsorption - Secretion

Question 60

Where is blood filtered?

Answer 60

the glomerulus

Question 61

Everything is freely filtered at the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule EXCEPT:

Answer 61

erythrocytes (RBC's) and plasma proteins

Question 62

Finding glucose in the urine would indicate what disorder?

Answer 62

diabetes mellitus

Question 63

There are two types of nephrons:

Answer 63

- cortical nephrons | - juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 64

Most of the nephrons in the kidney (80-85%); These are primarily found in the cortex of the kidney and have short loops of Henle; Peritubular capillaries are found around these tubules

Answer 64

cortical nephrons

Question 65

(15-20% of the total) which have long nephron loops; These long loops extend deep into the medulla pyramids and are covered by the vasa recta capillaries; extremely important in concentrating the urine

Answer 65

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 66

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is found:

Answer 66

where the afferent arteriole and ascending limb of loop of Henle touch (both regulate blood pressure and filtration rate)

Question 67

The macula densa cells are found on one side of the tubule; they regulate by

Answer 67

sensing NaCl levels

Question 68

The juxtaglomerular (JG) or granular cells are found in the wall of the afferent arteriole; they regulate

Answer 68

blood pressure by producing renin