Respiratory System Flashcards by Raissa Rico

Q

Rests on the diaphragm

Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?

A

Both

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Q

Divided into lobules

Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?

A

Both

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Q

Anchored at the hilum

Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?

A

Both

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Q

Enclosed by the pleura

Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?

A

Both

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Q

Cardiac notch

Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?

A

Left

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Q

Has two fissures

Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?

A

Left

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Q

Three lobes

Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?

A

Right

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Q

Two lobes

Does the phrase refer to the right lung, left lung, or both?

A

Left

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Q

Air flows out of the lungs

Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?

A

Expiration

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Q

Air flows into the lungs

Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?

A

Inspiration

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Q

External intercostal muscles may contract

Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?

A

Inspiration

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Q

Elastic recoil decreases size of alveoli

Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?

A

Expiration

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Q

Internal intercostal muscles may contract

Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?

A

Inspiration

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Q

Lung volume increases

Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?

A

Inspiration

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Q

Lung volume decreases

Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?

A

Expiration

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Q

Diaphragm contracts

Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?

A

Inspiration

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Q

Diaphragm relaxes

Does the event occur during inspiration (inhalation) or expiration (exhalation)?

A

Expiration

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Q

Connects the larynx to the bronchi

A

Trachea

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Q

Wall that separates oral cavity from the nasal cavity

A

Palate

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Q

Food passageway posterior to the trachea

A

Esophagus

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Q

Covers the glottis during swallowing of food

A

Epiglottis

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Q

Contains the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

A

Larynx

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Q

Pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax

A

Parietal pleura

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Q

Nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration

A

Phrenic nerve

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Site where oxygen enters the pulmonary blood

Alveolus

Serous layer that forms outer surface of lungs

Visceral pleura

Opening between the vocal folds

Glottis

Location of the tonsils

Pharynx

Functions of the nasal cavity:

- warm, moisturize, and filter air entering the body before it reaches the lungs - sense of smell

How many regions is the pharynx divided into?

Three

What are the names of the three regions of the pharynx?

- Nasopharynx - Oropharynx - Laryngeal Pharynx (aka laryngopharynx or hypopharynx)

The region of the pharynx that contains the openings to the auditory tubes (tubal tonsils are located around the openings)

Nasopharynx

Which other tonsil is located in the nasopharynx?

Pharyngeal

The region of the pharynx that is located directly behind the oral cavity

Oropharynx

Which two tonsils are located in the oropharynx?

Palatine tonsil and Lingual tonsil

The most inferior region of the pharynx; At this level the openings to the larynx and the esophagus are found

Laryngeal pharynx

"voice box" made of nine pieces of cartilage

Larynx

The three largest pieces of cartilage in the larynx

- Epiglottis - Thyroid Cartilage - Cricoid Cartilage

The most superior cartilage; made of elastic cartilage and functions to fold over during swallowing, preventing food and drink from entering the larynx

Epiglottis

The largest cartilage covering most of the anterior and lateral edges of the larynx The "Adam's apple" is part of this cartilage - "shield" in the front

Thyroid Cartilage

The most inferior cartilage that forms a ring just superior to the start of the trachea Wider in the back than it is in the front

Cricoid Cartilage

Internally, the mucous membrane forms two folds called:

- Vestibular Fold | - Vocal Fold (vocal cords)

Upper fold of the mucous membrane called the

Vestibular Fold

Lower fold of the mucous membrane called the

Vocal Fold (vocal cords)

The vocal folds and space between them are together called the

Glottis

When air moves past the vocal cords, the vibrations produce

Sounds

Tube that is approximately 4.5 inches long that is supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

Trachea (or Windpipe)

Is there cartilage on the back side of the trachea where the esophagus is located?

No | This is to allow the esophagus to expand into the trachea during swallowing

At the end of the trachea, the tube branches into the

bronchial "tree"

Would you have difficulty breathing if a large piece of food got lodged six inches down the esophagus?

Most likely not

Would you have difficulty breathing if a piece of food was stuck three inches down the esophagus?

Yes, difficulty breathing

The base of each lung rests on the

Diaphargm

The most superior portion of the lungs comes to a rounded point known as the

Apex

How many lobes is the right lung composed of?

Three; superior, middle, and inferior

How many lobes is the left lung composed of?

Two; superior and inferior

The ________ sits in the cardiac impression on the left lung - a cardiac notch is seen anteriorly.

heart

The medial area of each lung where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the primary bronchi enter the lungs

Hilum

The outer surface of each lung is lined with a serous membrane called the

visceral pleura

The thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm is lined with a membrane called the

parietal pleura

The pleura cavity (the space between the two linings) contains

serous (pleural) fluid

What is the function of serous/pleural fluid?

reduce friction and make the two membranes stick to each other

The bronchial "tree" bas approximately how many branches?

25 branchings

The first branch after the trachea is called the

primary (or main) bronchus

Bronchus

is singular

Bronchi

is plural

Where does the primary bronchi enter the lungs?

The hilum

Is the right or left bronchus more vertical, shorter, and wider?

Right bronchus

Which side will an aspirated object more likely lodge?

Right side

Each primary bronchus will divide into a

secondary (lobar) bronchi | - these enter the lobes of the lungs

How many secondary bronchi are on the right side?

3

How many secondary bronchi are on the left side?

2

What does the secondary bronchus divide into?

tertiary (segmental) bronchi

- enters the bronchopulmonary segments (10 on the right side; 8 on the left) - continue to divide, becoming smaller and smaller; these small bronchioles enter a pulmonary lobule

tertiary (segmental) bronchi

The final branchings are:

bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolus

Four basic functions of the respiratory system:

- Pulmonary Ventilation - External Respiration - Transport of Respiratory Gases - Internal Respiration

the rhythmic movement of air into and out of the lungs (aka breathing)

pulmonary ventilation

the gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood

external respiration

between the lungs and the tissue cells of the body

transport of respiratory gases

the gas exchange between the blood and the tissue cells of the body

internal respiration

- to change the pressure in your lungs, you must change the volume - as volume decreases, pressure increases this inverse relationship is called.....

Boyle's Law

an active process requiring muscle contraction (and ATP)

Inhalation (or inspiration)

Do the external intercostals contract during inhalation or or exhalation?

Inhalation (or inspiration)

For air to go in, intrapulmonary pressure must be less than atmospheric pressure. So we must (increase OR decrease) the volume of the lungs?

Increase

normally a passive process, requiring only the relaxation of muscles

Exhalation (or expiration)

For air to go out, the intrapulmonary pressure must be greater than atmospheric pressure. The volume of the lungs must (increase OR decrease)?

Decrease

Exhalation (or expiration) is accomplished by:

- diaphragm and intercostals relax - elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs - inward pull of alveolar fluid caused by surface tension

Forced exhalation uses ______ and ________

- abdominal | - internal intercostals

Pulmonary ventilation can also affect the ______ ________ of the blood.

acid-base balance

Is pH below 7.35 considered acidosis or alkalosis?

Acidosis

Is pH above 7.45 considered acidosis or alkalosis?

Alkalosis

An abnormally low amount of CO2 in the blood can cause:

alkalosis

An abnormally high amount of CO2 in the blood can cause:

acidosis

volume of one breath inhaled (or exhaled)

tidal volume (TV)

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation

residual volume (RV)

amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; decreases with age

vital capacity (VC)