Endocrine System QUIZ Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is the ENDOCRINE system?
- System of distinct glands in body responsible for producing hormones
- provides integration + control of organs and tissues
What are ENDOCRINE Glands?
- basic functional unit of system
- produces/releases hormones inside body
- uses circulatory system to transport hormones
What are the 3 functions of HORMONES?
1) Stimulate Growth
2) Repair Damage
3) Regulate Cell Processes
*MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS
What are the 2 main types of HORMONES?
1) Steroid
2) Protein Hormones
What are STEROID Hormones?
- made from cholesterol
- made of complex carbon rings, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules
- not soluble in water, soluble in fat
- diffuse from capillaries into target cells
- combine with receptor molecules in cytoplasm (REVIEW DIAGRAM ON SLIDES)
EX: male and female sex hormones, cortisol
What are PROTEIN Hormones?
- made of chains of amino acids
- soluble in water
- combine with receptors on cell membranes
- some hormone-receptor complexes will activate a cascade of reactions inside the target cell –> impact of hormone = amplified
REVIEW DIAGRAMS ON SLIDES
What is the PITUITARY Gland?
- master gland
- produces/secretes 0.01mg hormones per day
What are the 2 PARTS of the PITUITARY gland structure?
1) Anterior Pituitary
- formed from pouch in roof of oral cavity
- no direct neural connection with hypothalamus
2) Posterior Pituitary
- formed from hypothalamus of brain
- direct neural connection to hypothalamus
- releases hormones due to the direct stimulation and secretion of posterior hypothalamus
Describe the ANTERIOR Pituitary
- stimulated by releasing hormones from hypothalamus
- hypothalamus regulates the release of hormones produced by this
- hormones secreted by the nerve ends of the hypothalamus are transported in the blood to the pituitary gland
- produces and releases 7 specific hormones
What are the 7 specific hormones released by the ANTERIOR pituitary gland?
- Thyrotropic Hormone (TSH) - thyroid stimulating
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - stimulates adrenal cortex
- Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) - acts on ovaries and testes
- Leutenizing Hormone (LH) - acts on ovaries and testes
- Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) - stimulates gonads
- Prolactin - stimulates mammary glands
- Growth Hormone (GH) - stimulates growth of cells
Describe the POSTERIOR Pituitary
- stores and releases 2 hormones which have been produced by the hypothalamus
- hormones travel by way of specialized nerve cells from hypothalamus to pituitary
- hormones are released into blood when necessary
What are the 2 hormones released by POSTERIOR pituitary?
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - stimulates water reabsorption in nephrons
- Oxytocin - stimulates contraction of uterine muscles
What are the 2 types of cells in the PANCREAS?
1) Digestive enzyme producing cells
2) Hormone producing cells –> islet cells
- INSULIN & GLUCAGON
Describe the INSULIN hormone
- produced by beta cells
- released when blood sugar levels are INCREASED
- promotes uptake of glucose by liver, muscle, organ cells
- liver –> glucose converted to glycogen to reduce glucose levels in blood
Describe GLUCAGON hormone
- produced by alpha cells
- released when blood sugar levels LOW
- promotes conversion of glycogen into glucose
- promotes release of glucose from liver cells into blood to increase blood sugar levels
What is DIABETES?
- chronic disease –> when body cannot produce any insulin/enough insulin, unable to use it properly
SYMPTOMS:
- lots of pee
- low energy
- fats + proteins metabolized for energy
What are the 3 types of DIABETES?
1) Type 1
- pancreas can’t make insulin
- early degeneration of beta cells
- typically diagnosed in childhood
- must take insulin to live
2) Type 2
- decreased insulin production/ineffective use
- can be controlled with diet, exercise, oral drugs that stimulate islet cells
3) Gestational
- temporary during 4% pregnancies
What is HYPERGLYCEMIA?
- high blood sugar
- kidneys unable to reabsorb all blood glucose that is filtered through
- glucose in urine
Opposite –> HYPOGLYCEMIA
What are the 2 glands that make up the ADRENAL gland?
1) Inner adrenal medulla
2) Outer adrenal cortex
Describe the ADRENAL MEDULLA
- regulated by nervous system
- produces 2 hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (noradrenaline) for short term stress response
- when stressed –> sympathetic nerves stimulate it to release the hormones into blood –> glycogen in liver and muscle cells to be converted to glucose (use as energy)
Describe ADRENAL CORTEX
- regulated by hormones
- makes 3 types of hormones associated with long term stress response
1) Glucocorticoids
2) Mineralocorticoids
3) Sex Hormones
Short Term VS Long Term - STRESS REPONSE
1) Short Term
- cells of hypothalamus sends signal to stimulate the adrenal medulla
- adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine + norepinephrine
RESULTS: increase blood glucose, heart rate, breathing + metabolism, blood redirected to heart and muscles
2) Long Term
- hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH
- ACTH carried by blood to cells of adrenal cortex
- mineralocorticoids + glucocorticoids released
RESULTS: aldosterone increases blood volume/pressure by decreasing urine output, stimulates breakdown of proteins and fats and converts to glucose, suppressed inflammatory response
What is the MALE REPRODUCTIVE hormone?
Testosterone
- released from testes
- stimulates spermatogenesis
- develops male characteristics at puberty
Describe TESTES Cells
1) Leydig cells - synthesize hormones
2) Sertoli cells - synthesize sperm wit
