QUIZ 1 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What is the cell theory?
1) All living things are composed of one or more cells
2) Cells are the basic unit of life
3) All cells derive from the division of other cells
What is the Hierarchy of Cell Anatomy? (smallest to largest)
1) Cells - smallest unit of life
2) Tissues - Cells that have a similar shape and function; there are four primary kinds in the human body
3) Organs - different types of tissues that act together to accomplish a common goal
4) Organ system - Group of organs that have related structure and function
5) Organism - Living complex adaptive system of organs that influence each other in such a way that they function as a stable whole
What is the NUCLEUS?
- Contains DNA that codes for all cellular functions
- Command center
- Surrounded by a nuclear envelope for protection (double membrane)
What is the NUCLEOLUS?
- Little nucleus
- Has RNA used to make ribosome’s
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum VS Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
- Synthesizes and packages proteins to be sent to the Golgi Apparatus
- Covered in ribosomes
- Flattened membrane-bound sacs and tubes
Smooth ER
- Synthesizes phospholipids and other macromolecules (mostly lipids) for transport to other parts of the cell
- Flattened membrane-bound sacs and tubes
What is the CELL MEMBRANE?
- Regulates what enters and exits the cell
- Separates the cell’s interior from the exterior
- Fluid Mosaic Structure
- Phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins, carbs, and cholesterol
What is the RIBOSOME?
1) Cytoplasmic/Free
2) Bound to ER
- Builds proteins (mostly enzymes)
- Tiny organelle
- 2 parts: large and small subunits
What is GOLGI APPARATUS?
- A stack of flattened membrane bound sacs and tubes
- Receives vesicles from the ER and completes the packaging of fats and proteins
- Exports them out of the cell
What is the MITCHONDRIA?
- Power house of the cell
- Provides the cell with useable energy by breaking down glucose to form ATP
- Double membrane layer
- Have their own ribosomes and DNA
What are LYSOSOMES?
- A membrane bound vesicle
- Has enzymes that break down waste
- Composter
Cilia VS Flagella
Cilia
- moves like a wave
- allows for movement
- short cylindrical projections
Flagella
- moves like a whip
- allows for movement
- long tail
What are CENTROSOMES?
- AKA centrioles
- Near nucleus
- Made of microtubules
- Organizes microtubules
- Provides even distribution of products in cell division
What are the three PLANT CELL ORGANELLES?
1) Chloroplast
- Double membrane
- Contains chlorophyll and carries out the reactions of photosynthesis
- Stroma is the fluid within
- Thylakoid are disk like structures
- Grana are stacks of thylakoids
2) Central Vacuole
- Membrane bound large storage sac
- Filled with water, sugars, minerals, proteins and toxins
- Provides internal support by maintaining turgor pressure
3) Cell Wall
- Protects and supports the cell and allows materials to pass through the pores
- Rigid structure made of fibers that surround the cell membrane
- Adds strength and rigidity to cells
What are the characteristics of LIVING THINGS?
- made of cells
- Obtain energy and provides waste
- Grow and develop
- Reproduce
- Respond & Adapt to their environment
What are the essential tasks of the CELL?
- Obtain food and energy
- Convert energy from an external source into a form that works within the cell
- Construct and maintain the molecules that make up the cell structures
- Carry out chemical reactions
- Eliminate wastes
- Reproduce
- Keep records of how to build structures (nucleus)
Definition: BIOCHEMISTRY
- the study of the chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms
EX: Cellular Respiration
What are INORGANIC COMPOUNDS?
- Can be created without the “help” of living organisms
- Typically comes from minerals, non-biological sources
- Metal-containing compounds
- Does not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds
EX: O2, CO2, H2O, Na, N2, PO4
What are ORGANIC COMPOUNDS?
- made by LIVING organisms
- molecules that contain both Carbon and Hydrogen
- Have carbon backbones
- Linked by covalent bonds
- Made of mostly H and C but also contains S, P, N, and O
- vary in length
EX: photosynthesis
Why CARBON in compounds?
- Carbons bond to each other so easily
- Carbon has 4 valence electrons which can increase the complexity of compounds that are formed.
- Carbon can create double and triple bonds with other atoms –> increase the likelihood for variation in the molecular make-up of organic compounds.
INTRAmolecular VS INTERmolecular
INTRA = within molecules
INTER = between molecules
IONIC vs COVALENT bonding
IONIC
- occurs when one or more electron is transferred from one atom to the next and atoms become charged. (IONS)
- Cation (+ charge) and Anion (- charge)
- between metal and non-metal
COVALENT
- sharing valence electrons between atoms
- between non-metals
- can have single/double/triple bonds
- are polar or non-polar
NON-POLAR vs POLAR (covalent bonds)
Pure/Non-Polar
- electrons shared equally
- little difference in electronegativity
- MOLECULE = symmetrical
Polar
- electrons attracted to one atom more than the other (polarized)
- one atom is slightly negatively charged, other has a slight positive charge
- one atom has higher electronegativity
- MOLECULE = asymmetrical
*higher EN = more attraction
EN determines degree of electron sharing/bond type
EX: POLAR BONDS
C-O
O-H
C=O
N-H
EX: NON-POLAR BONDS
C-C
C=C
C-H
