Urine QUIZ Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is HOMEOSTASIS?
Maintenance of consistent and stable internal environment despite changes in external environment
Why is HOMEOSTASIS important?
Enzymes in organism and reactions they catalyze can only function efficiently in certain conditions
What factors affect enzymes?
- Temperature
- pH
- enzyme concentration
- substrate concentration
- inhibitors, etc.
What is the normal range of conditions in the human body?
1) Temperature: 37 C
2) Blood Sugar: 0.1%
3) Blood pH: 7.35
What are the 3 HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS?
1) Monitor
- special sensors located in organs of body
- signals coordinating center when an organ begins to operate outside normal limits
2) Coordinating Center
- receives information form various monitors
- coordinates information to be sent to appropriate regulators
3) Regulator
- receives information from coordinating center
- restores body to normal balance
What are the main systems involved in homeostasis?
1) Nervous System –> adjust for short term change
2) Endocrine System –> adjust for long term processes
REVIEW DIAGRAMS**
What are the 2 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS for control?
1) Negative Feedback
- mechanisms that help keep body within normal ranges
- prevent small changes from becoming too large
- most homeostatic mechanisms in animals operate on this principal
EX: THERMOSTAT
2) Positive Feedback
- reinforces change, moves controlled variable further away from a steady state
- allows a discrete physiological event to be accomplished rapidly
- once accomplished, feedback system stops
EX: BIRTH process, oxytocin
What are ECTOTHERMS?
Animals that depend on air temperature to regulate metabolic rates
EX: most fish, amphibians, reptiles
What are ENDOTHERMS?
Animals that are able to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of surroundings
EX: Mammals, birds
What is THERMOREGULATION?
Ability to maintain a constant internal body temperature that enables cells to function efficiently
What is the importance of excreting wastes?
- Maintain life processes
- Toxins will build up and cells will die
Parts of URINARY SYSTEM: Renal arteries
Branch from aorta and carries blood to kidneys
Parts of URINARY SYSTEM: Renal veins
Returns blood from kidneys to the inferior vena cava
Parts of URINARY SYSTEM: Kidneys
Fist-shaped organs that weigh 0.25kg each and hold 25% of the body’s blood, used to filter waste from the blood
What are the three parts of the kidney?
- Cortex: outer layer of the kidney
- Medulla: area inside the cortex
- Renal pelvis: area where kidneys joins ureter
Parts of URINARY SYSTEM: Ureter
Tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Parts of URINARY SYSTEM: Bladder
organ that stores urine
Parts of URINARY SYSTEM: Urethra
tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body
What are the 3 functions of urine that urine formation depends on?
Filtration: Movement of fluid and wastes from blood–> Bowman’s capsule
Reabsorption: transfer of essential solutes and water from the nephron –> blood (good stuff)
Secretion: Movement of materials from blood –> nephron (bad stuff trying to get rid of)
What is DEAMINATION?
- When humans consume excess protein
- NH3 (ammonia) has to be discarded by the body
- it gets converted into less toxic substance with help of CO2 –> urea
Parts of the NEPHRON: Afferent arterioles
small branches that carry blood to glomerulus
Parts of the NEPHRON: Glomerulus
high-pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration
Parts of the NEPHRON: Efferent arterioles
small branches carry blood AWAY from glomerulus to capillary net
Parts of the NEPHRON: Peritubular capillaries
network small blood vessels that surround nephron
