Endocrine system regulation and exercise

Question 1

Role of hypothalamus in endocrine system

Answer 1

synthesises and released tropic hormones
Act on anterior pituitary gland

Question 2

Median eminence

Answer 2

axons in posterior pituitary go directly to capillaries

Question 3

Role of posterior pituitary gland

Answer 3

secretion (no synthesis) of neuropeptides made by the hypothalamus

Question 4

oxytocin

Answer 4

milk ejection reflex
fetus delivery: stretch receptors in cervix>hypothalamus>oxytocin>contraction of uterine smooth muscle

Question 5

ADH/vasopresisn

Answer 5

regulation of water balance and osmolarity
constriction of smooth muscle around blood vessels to increase blood pressure

Question 6

Peptide hormones synthesised and release by anterior pituitary

Answer 6

FSH
LH
growth hormone
TSH
prolactin
ACTH

Question 7

FSH LH roles

Answer 7

target gonads to release sex hormones

Question 8

growth hormone roles

Answer 8

target liver to secrete IGF-1
stimulates protein synthesis
postnatal growth
release is triggered by exercise and during sleep

Question 9

TSH roles

Answer 9

target thyroid gland

Question 10

role of prolactin

Answer 10

breast development and milk production

Question 11

role of ACTH

Answer 11

targets adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Question 12

trends in exercise and GH secretion

Answer 12

different types of exercise induce different GH responses
responses higher in younger individuals

Question 13

effects of GH during exercise

Answer 13

stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver
stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
blocks glucose entry into tissues which increases fatty acid oxidation

Question 14

endocrine response to stress

Answer 14

increasing release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex and epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal medulla

Question 15

Process of increased cortisol secretion

Answer 15

stimulus>inc CRH secretion from hypothamalus>inc anterior pituitary ACTH secretion>inc cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex

Question 16

effects of increased cortisol

Answer 16

Permits action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on muscles and blood vessels.
Promotes glucose synthesis in the liver during long term fasting and exercise.
Increases lipolysis in the adipose tissue.
Maintains cellular concentrations of metabolic enzymes required to produce glucose and fatty acids between meals.
Decreases events associated with the inflammatory response such as capillary permeability and production
of prostaglandins.

Question 17

When is cortisol secretion elevated

Answer 17

in the mornings
has a strong diurnal cycle

Question 18

Is cortisol anabolic or catabolic?

Answer 18

catabolic

Question 19

trend of cortisol with exercise

Answer 19

Elite endurance trained athletes have higher levels of cortisol

Question 20

Fight or flight response

Answer 20

catecholamines>epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 21

effects of increased catecholamine secretion

Answer 21

Increased availability of energy (glucose and lipids) in the blood
Increased heart rate, breathing rate and cell metabolism.
Dilation of major blood vessels and constriction of peripheral capillary.
Pupil dilation.

Question 22

what is the main catecholamine that is secreted by adrenal medulla

Answer 22

epinephrine

Question 23

norepinephrine

Answer 23

precursor of epinephrine
mainly released by adrenergic neurones of SNS

Question 24

receptor types that catecholamines bind to

Answer 24

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Question 25

effects of epinephrine

Answer 25

increased heart rate and blood pressure increased peripheral vasoconstriction increased lipid breakdown increased coronary and bronchial dilation increased conversion of glycogen to glucose

Question 26

effects of norepinephrine

Answer 26

increased heart rate and blood pressure increased peripheral vasoconstriction

Question 27

trend of epinephrine secretion and exercise

Answer 27

higher intensities and shorter periods of exercise trigger a greater release of epinephrine

Question 28

exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas

Answer 28

exocrine> secretion of pancreatic enzymes for food digestion in the duodenum endocrine>secretion of insulin and glucagon

Question 29

functions of insulin

Answer 29

lipogenesis and glycogenesis increases glucose uptake and storage in the liver as glycogen increases amino acid uptake and protein synthesis decreases lipolysis in adipose tissue

Question 30

glucagon functions

Answer 30

promotes glycogenolysis in the liver stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 31

exercise and glucose regulation

Answer 31

glucagon secretion increases during exercise to promote glycogenolysis Epinephrine and Norepinephrine release further increase glycogenolysis. Cortisol levels also increase to promote protein catabolism for later gluconeogenesis. Growth hormone levels increase to increase fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis and gluconeogenesis. Insulin secretion deceases to lower the storage of glucose