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DABT 2025 > Endocrine Toxicology > Flashcards

Endocrine Toxicology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are common toxic agents for endocrine toxicity?

A

Cadmium, lead, TCDD, PCBs, perchlorate, bisphenol A, phthalates, PFOS, PBDEs, arsenic.

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of TCDD-induced endocrine toxicity?

A

Activates AhR, disrupts thyroid and pituitary hormone signaling.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of perchlorate endocrine toxicity?

A

Inhibits thyroid-iodide symporter, reducing thyroid hormone production, causing goiter.

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of bisphenol A toxicity?

A

Mimics estrogen, disrupts endocrine signaling, affecting reproduction and metabolism. Increases LH secretion in adult male rats.
Also possible thyroid disrupting chemical. Potentially blocks T3 action by atagonizing receptor.

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5
Q

What are biomarkers for endocrine toxicity?

A

Altered hormone levels (TSH, cortisol, insulin), thyroid size, blood glucose.

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6
Q

What are testing methods for endocrine toxicity?

A

Hormone assays, histopathological examination, EDSTAC tier 1/2 studies.
If a chemical exhibits the potential to interact with the estrogen, androgen, or thyroid hormone systems, it proceeds to Tier 2.

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7
Q

What are endpoints for endocrine toxicity?

A

Goiter, diabetes mellitus, pituitary dysfunction, adrenal hyperplasia.

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8
Q

How does cadmium cause endocrine toxicity?

A

Inhibits LH/FSH secretion, affecting pituitary and adrenal function.

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9
Q

What is the role of PCBs in endocrine toxicity?

A

Disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis via AhR activation.

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10
Q

How do phthalates cause endocrine toxicity?

A

Act as anti-androgens, impairing testicular development and function.

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11
Q

How does TCDD (dioxin) mechanistically disrupt thyroid function? (Domain II)

A

TCDD activates AhR, inducing UGT1A1, increasing thyroid hormone (T4) glucuronidation and excretion, leading to reduced T4 levels (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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12
Q

What is the endocrine target of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)? (Domain II)

A

PCBs target thyroid hormone receptors, acting as agonists or antagonists, disrupting T3/T4 signaling and neurodevelopment (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Chemical Carcinogenesis).

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13
Q

How do polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) cause endocrine toxicity? (Domain II)

A

PBDEs mimic thyroid hormones, binding to transthyretin, displacing T4, and reducing circulating T4 levels (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).

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14
Q

What mechanism underlies perchlorate’s thyroid toxicity? (Domain II)

A

Perchlorate inhibits sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), reducing iodide uptake, impairing thyroid hormone synthesis (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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15
Q

How does bisphenol A (BPA) disrupt estrogen signaling? (Domain II)

A

BPA binds estrogen receptors (ERα/ERβ), acting as a weak agonist, altering gene expression in reproductive tissues (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).

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16
Q

What is the endocrine target of phthalates like DEHP? (Domain II)

A

Phthalates target testicular Leydig cells, reducing testosterone synthesis, leading to reproductive developmental defects (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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17
Q

How does atrazine mechanistically cause endocrine disruption? (Domain II)

A

Atrazine upregulates aromatase (CYP19), increasing estrogen synthesis, disrupting gonadal development in amphibians (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).

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18
Q

What mechanism does methoxychlor use to disrupt endocrine function? (Domain II)

A

Methoxychlor’s metabolite HPTE binds estrogen receptors, acting as an agonist, altering uterine and ovarian function (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).

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19
Q

How does vinclozolin affect the androgen system? (Domain II)

A

Vinclozolin’s metabolites bind androgen receptors as antagonists, inhibiting testosterone-dependent gene expression (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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20
Q

What is the endocrine target of DDT and its metabolite DDE? (Domain II)

A

DDT/DDE target estrogen receptors, acting as agonists, and androgen receptors, acting as antagonists, disrupting reproductive function (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).

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21
Q

How does perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) cause endocrine toxicity? (Domain II)

A

PFOA activates PPARα, altering lipid metabolism and thyroid hormone homeostasis, reducing T4 levels (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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22
Q

What mechanism underlies cadmium’s endocrine disruption? (Domain II)

A

Cadmium mimics estrogen by binding ERα, altering gene expression in breast and uterine tissues (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).

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23
Q

How does lead (Pb) affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis? (Domain II)

A

Lead increases cortisol secretion by disrupting ACTH feedback, targeting adrenal glands, causing stress response dysregulation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Principles & Mechanisms).

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24
Q

What is the endocrine target of arsenic exposure? (Domain II)

A

Arsenic targets glucocorticoid receptors, inhibiting cortisol signaling, affecting glucose metabolism (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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25
How does diethylstilbestrol (DES) cause endocrine toxicity? (Domain II)
DES binds estrogen receptors with high affinity, causing transgenerational reproductive cancers (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Chemical Carcinogenesis).
26
What mechanism does triclosan use to disrupt thyroid function? (Domain II)
Triclosan inhibits deiodinase enzymes, reducing T3 conversion from T4, disrupting thyroid signaling (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
27
How does tributyltin (TBT) cause endocrine disruption? (Domain II)
TBT activates PPARγ and RXR, promoting adipogenesis and disrupting gonadal steroidogenesis (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
28
What is the endocrine target of dioxin-like PCBs? (Domain II)
Dioxin-like PCBs target AhR, inducing CYP1A1, disrupting thyroid and estrogen signaling (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
29
How does genistein, a phytoestrogen, affect endocrine function? (Domain II)
Genistein binds ERβ, acting as a partial agonist, modulating reproductive and bone tissue development (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
30
What mechanism underlies thiocyanate’s thyroid toxicity? (Domain II)
Thiocyanate inhibits NIS, reducing iodide uptake, impairing thyroid hormone production (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
31
How does propylthiouracil (PTU) disrupt thyroid function? (Domain II)
PTU inhibits thyroid peroxidase, blocking iodine organification, reducing T3/T4 synthesis (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
32
What is the endocrine target of nonylphenol? (Domain II)
Nonylphenol targets estrogen receptors, acting as an agonist, disrupting reproductive development (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
33
How does TCDD affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis? (Domain II)
TCDD activates AhR, suppressing gonadotropin release, reducing testosterone and estrogen levels (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
34
What mechanism do organochlorine pesticides like chlordane use? (Domain II)
Chlordane binds estrogen receptors, acting as an agonist, disrupting ovarian function (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
35
How does bisphenol S (BPS) compare to BPA in endocrine disruption? (Domain II)
BPS binds ERα/ERβ with similar affinity to BPA, acting as an agonist, affecting reproductive tissues (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
36
What is the endocrine target of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)? (Domain II)
PFOS targets thyroid hormone transport proteins, reducing T4 availability, affecting neurodevelopment (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
37
How does methimazole disrupt thyroid hormone synthesis? (Domain II)
Methimazole inhibits thyroid peroxidase, preventing iodine incorporation into thyroglobulin (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
38
What mechanism underlies kepone’s endocrine toxicity? (Domain II)
Kepone binds estrogen receptors, acting as an agonist, disrupting testicular and ovarian function (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
39
How does hexachlorobenzene affect thyroid function? (Domain II)
Hexachlorobenzene induces UGT, increasing T4 glucuronidation, reducing circulating T4 levels (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
40
What is the endocrine target of linuron? (Domain II)
Linuron targets androgen receptors as an antagonist, reducing testosterone-dependent development (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
41
How does 2,3,7,8-TCDD affect adrenal function? (Domain II)
TCDD activates AhR, altering ACTH signaling, reducing cortisol production in adrenal glands (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
42
What mechanism do polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) like BaP use? (Domain II)
BaP activates AhR, inducing CYP1A1, disrupting estrogen and thyroid signaling (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Chemical Carcinogenesis).
43
How does dieldrin disrupt endocrine function? (Domain II)
Dieldrin binds estrogen receptors, acting as an agonist, altering reproductive tissue development (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
44
What is the endocrine target of organotins like TBT? (Domain II)
Organotins target RXR/PPARγ, disrupting steroidogenesis and adipogenesis in gonadal tissues (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
45
How does nitrate affect thyroid function? (Domain II)
Nitrate inhibits NIS, reducing iodide uptake, impairing thyroid hormone synthesis (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
46
What mechanism underlies PCB’s developmental neurotoxicity? (Domain II)
PCBs disrupt thyroid hormone signaling, reducing T4, impairing neuronal differentiation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
47
How does BPA affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis? (Domain II)
BPA inhibits TSH release, reducing thyroid hormone production, affecting metabolism (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
48
What is the endocrine target of chlorpyrifos? (Domain II)
Chlorpyrifos targets thyroid hormone receptors, disrupting T3/T4 signaling, affecting neurodevelopment (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
49
How does DEHP’s metabolite MEHP cause endocrine toxicity? (Domain II)
MEHP inhibits testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells, disrupting male reproductive development (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
50
What mechanism does vinclozolin use to cause transgenerational effects? (Domain II)
Vinclozolin alters DNA methylation in sperm, affecting androgen signaling across generations (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
51
How does atrazine affect the HPG axis in mammals? (Domain II)
Atrazine increases aromatase, elevating estrogen, disrupting gonadotropin release (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
52
What is the endocrine target of methoxychlor’s metabolite HPTE? (Domain II)
HPTE targets estrogen receptors, acting as an agonist, affecting uterine development (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
53
How does TCDD’s AhR activation affect estrogen signaling? (Domain II)
TCDD induces CYP1A1, increasing estrogen metabolism, reducing circulating estrogen levels (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
54
What mechanism underlies perchlorate’s developmental toxicity? (Domain II)
Perchlorate reduces thyroid hormone synthesis, impairing neurodevelopment via NIS inhibition (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
55
How does DDT’s metabolite DDE affect adrenal function? (Domain II)
DDE inhibits 11β-hydroxylase, reducing cortisol synthesis in adrenal glands (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
56
What is the endocrine target of PFOA’s chronic exposure? (Domain II)
PFOA targets PPARα, disrupting thyroid hormone homeostasis, affecting lipid metabolism (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
57
How does cadmium’s estrogenic activity manifest? (Domain II)
Cadmium activates ERα, increasing proliferation in estrogen-sensitive tissues (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
58
What mechanism does triclosan use to disrupt estrogen signaling? (Domain II)
Triclosan binds ERα, acting as a partial agonist, altering reproductive gene expression (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
59
How does lead’s endocrine toxicity differ in children vs. adults? (Domain II)
Children absorb more lead, disrupting HPA axis and thyroid function, causing developmental delays; adults show adrenal dysregulation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Principles & Mechanisms).
60
What is the endocrine target of DES’s transgenerational effects? (Domain II)
DES targets ERα, altering epigenetic marks, increasing reproductive cancers in offspring (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
61
How does tributyltin affect thyroid function? (Domain II)
TBT inhibits deiodinase, reducing T3 conversion, disrupting thyroid signaling (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
62
What mechanism underlies nonylphenol’s reproductive toxicity? (Domain II)
Nonylphenol binds ERα, acting as an agonist, disrupting ovarian folliculogenesis (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
63
How does hexachlorobenzene affect the HPT axis? (Domain II)
Hexachlorobenzene induces UGT, increasing T4 clearance, reducing thyroid hormone levels (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
64
What is the endocrine target of linuron’s developmental toxicity? (Domain II)
Linuron targets androgen receptors, inhibiting male reproductive tract development (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
65
How does dieldrin affect the HPG axis? (Domain II)
Dieldrin binds ERα, increasing estrogen signaling, disrupting gonadotropin release (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
66
What mechanism does PFOS use to disrupt lipid metabolism? (Domain II)
PFOS activates PPARα, altering lipid homeostasis, affecting thyroid function (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
67
How does methimazole’s thyroid toxicity differ from PTU? (Domain II)
Methimazole inhibits thyroid peroxidase without affecting deiodinase, unlike PTU, which also reduces T3 conversion (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
68
What is the endocrine target of kepone’s chronic exposure? (Domain II)
Kepone targets ERα, causing persistent estrogenic effects, disrupting reproductive organs (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
69
How does BaP’s AhR activation affect thyroid function? (Domain II)
BaP induces CYP1A1, increasing T4 metabolism, reducing thyroid hormone levels (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
70
What mechanism underlies chlorpyrifos’s neurodevelopmental toxicity? (Domain II)
Chlorpyrifos disrupts thyroid hormone signaling, reducing T4, impairing neuronal growth (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
71
How does DEHP affect the HPA axis? (Domain II)
DEHP alters ACTH signaling, increasing cortisol production, disrupting stress response (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
72
What is the endocrine target of nitrate’s chronic exposure? (Domain II)
Nitrate targets thyroid gland, inhibiting NIS, reducing T3/T4 synthesis (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
73
How does genistein’s phytoestrogenic activity affect bone? (Domain II)
Genistein binds ERβ, promoting osteoblast activity, enhancing bone formation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
74
What mechanism does thiocyanate use to cause goiter? (Domain II)
Thiocyanate inhibits NIS, reducing iodide uptake, causing thyroid hypertrophy (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
75
How does PCB’s AhR activation differ from TCDD? (Domain II)
PCBs are partial AhR agonists, inducing weaker CYP1A1 expression than TCDD, affecting thyroid signaling (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Endocrine Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).

DABT 2025 (16 decks)

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