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DABT 2025 > Immune System Toxicity > Flashcards

Immune System Toxicity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are common toxic agents for immune system toxicity?

A

Lead (immunosuppression), TCDD (immunomodulation), penicillin (hypersensitivity), cyclosporine (immunosuppression), beryllium (hypersensitivity).

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of lead-induced immune toxicity?

A

Inhibits T-cell function and cytokine production, causing immunosuppression.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of TCDD immune toxicity?

A

Activates AhR, alters cytokine profiles and immune cell differentiation.

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of penicillin immune toxicity?

A

Triggers IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions (Type I).

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5
Q

What are biomarkers for immune system toxicity?

A

Decreased lymphocyte counts, altered cytokine levels (e.g., IL-2), skin test responses.

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6
Q

What are testing methods for immune system toxicity?

A

Lymphocyte proliferation assays, cytokine assays, skin sensitization tests (e.g., LLNA).

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7
Q

What are endpoints for immune system toxicity?

A

Immunosuppression (e.g., increased infections), hypersensitivity (e.g., allergies), autoimmunity.

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8
Q

How does cyclosporine cause immune toxicity?

A

Inhibits calcineurin signaling in T-cells, suppressing immune response.

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9
Q

What is the role of beryllium in immune toxicity?

A

Induces granulomatous inflammation via T-cell activation (Type IV hypersensitivity).

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10
Q

How does TCDD affect immune function?

A

Causes thymic atrophy and alters T-cell development via AhR activation.

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11
Q

How does TCDD (dioxin) mechanistically cause thymic involution? (Domain II)

A

TCDD activates AhR, decreasing thymic seeding, inducing cell cycle arrest, and increasing apoptosis of immature T cells (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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12
Q

What is the immunotoxic target of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)? (Domain II)

A

PCBs target B cells, suppressing IgM production, with some congeners acting via AhR activation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).

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13
Q

How do polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) affect the immune system? (Domain II)

A

PBBs, via AhR activation, cause thymic atrophy and suppress humoral immunity, as seen in Michigan livestock contamination (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).

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14
Q

What mechanism underlies benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)’s immunotoxicity? (Domain II)

A

BaP, a PAH, is metabolized to reactive epoxides via CYP1A1, forming DNA adducts that suppress B and T cell function (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Chemical Carcinogenesis).

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15
Q

How does malathion, an organophosphate, affect immune function? (Domain II)

A

Malathion has dual effects, suppressing humoral immunity at high doses and enhancing macrophage activity at low doses (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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16
Q

What is the immunotoxic effect of chlorpyrifos? (Domain II)

A

Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate, variably suppresses or enhances immune responses, depending on dose and exposure duration (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).

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17
Q

How does DDT suppress immune function? (Domain II)

A

DDT, an organochlorine, suppresses humoral and cell-mediated immunity, increasing ear infection incidence (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).

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18
Q

What mechanism do carbamate pesticides use to affect immunity? (Domain II)

A

Carbamates suppress immune responses by increasing corticosterone levels, impacting T and B cell function (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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19
Q

How does tributyltin (TBT) cause immunotoxicity? (Domain II)

A

TBT, an organotin, induces thymic atrophy and decreases spleen, bone marrow, and thymus cellularity (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).

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20
Q

What is the immunotoxic target of lead exposure? (Domain II)

A

Lead shifts T-cell balance from Th1 to Th2, increasing IL-4 and IgE, promoting hypersensitivity and asthma (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Principles & Mechanisms).

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21
Q

How does mercury induce autoimmunity? (Domain II)

A

Mercury (elemental/inorganic) induces anti-laminin antibodies, causing glomerular injury in kidneys (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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22
Q

What mechanism underlies cadmium’s immunotoxicity? (Domain II)

A

Cadmium suppresses B and T cell proliferation but enhances macrophage phagocytosis, increasing infection risk (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).

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23
Q

How does benzene affect the immune system? (Domain II)

A

Benzene induces anemia, lymphopenia, and hypoplastic bone marrow, decreasing humoral and cell-mediated immunity (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).

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24
Q

What is the immunotoxic effect of toluene compared to benzene? (Domain II)

A

Toluene has little to no effect on immunocompetence, unlike benzene’s severe suppression (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).

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25
How does para-nitrotoluene affect immunity? (Domain II)
Para-nitrotoluene, used in dyes, decreases T-cell function, impairing cell-mediated immunity (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
26
What mechanism do tricothecene mycotoxins (e.g., T-2 toxin) use? (Domain II)
Tricothecenes inhibit protein synthesis, increasing cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-15, IL-6), causing immune suppression or stimulation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
27
How does satratoxin G from black mold cause immunotoxicity? (Domain II)
Satratoxin G inhibits protein synthesis, producing nasal inflammation and increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1) (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
28
What is the immunotoxic target of diethylstilbestrol (DES)? (Domain II)
DES causes thymic depletion and alters T-cell maturation, reducing cell-mediated immunity (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Chemical Carcinogenesis).
29
How does bisphenol A (BPA) affect immune function? (Domain II)
BPA weakly binds estrogen receptors, potentially altering T and B cell responses, with controversial safety concerns (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
30
What mechanism do glucocorticoids use to suppress immunity? (Domain II)
Glucocorticoids bind glucocorticoid receptors, inducing B and T cell apoptosis and increasing anti-inflammatory gene expression (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
31
How do cannabinoids suppress immune responses? (Domain II)
Cannabinoids act via CB1/CB2 receptors, suppressing host resistance and T-cell proliferation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
32
What is the immunotoxic effect of opioids? (Domain II)
Opioids suppress immune responses via Gi-coupled receptors and increased glucocorticoids, inhibiting NFκB (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
33
How does cocaine alter immune competence? (Domain II)
Cocaine suppresses humoral and cell-mediated immunity, reducing host resistance to infections (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
34
What mechanism does ultraviolet (UV) radiation use to cause immunosuppression? (Domain II)
UV radiation induces DNA damage and cytokine shifts, suppressing T-cell responses and increasing skin cancer risk (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
35
How do polyisocyanates (e.g., TDI) cause hypersensitivity? (Domain II)
Polyisocyanates form haptens, triggering Type I IgE-mediated respiratory hypersensitivity, as seen in the 1984 Bhopal disaster (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
36
What is the immunotoxic target of trimellitic anhydride (TMA)? (Domain II)
TMA acts as a respiratory sensitizer, inducing IgE-mediated Type I hypersensitivity in the lungs (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
37
How does cobalt induce hypersensitivity? (Domain II)
Cobalt triggers Type I and Type IV hypersensitivity, activating NFκB and causing skin and lung reactions (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
38
What mechanism does chromium use to cause immunotoxicity? (Domain II)
Chromium (VI) induces Type IV hypersensitivity, causing contact dermatitis via T-cell activation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
39
How does nickel affect the immune system? (Domain II)
Nickel activates NFκB, inducing Type IV hypersensitivity, commonly seen in jewelry-related contact dermatitis (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
40
What is the immunotoxic effect of beryllium? (Domain II)
Beryllium causes Type IV hypersensitivity, leading to chronic beryllium disease (CBD) with lung granulomas (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
41
How does latex induce hypersensitivity? (Domain II)
Latex proteins trigger Type I (IgE-mediated) or Type IV hypersensitivity, causing skin and respiratory reactions (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
42
What mechanism does formaldehyde use to cause immunotoxicity? (Domain II)
Formaldehyde acts as a hapten, inducing Type I hypersensitivity and asthma, with carcinogenic potential (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
43
How does penicillin cause hypersensitivity? (Domain II)
Penicillin’s β-lactam ring forms a neoantigen, triggering Type I urticarial or Type IV reactions (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
44
What is the immunotoxic effect of halothane? (Domain II)
Halothane’s metabolite trifluoroacetyl halide forms a hapten, causing iatrogenic Type I hypersensitivity (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
45
How do hydralazine, isoniazid, and procainamide cause autoimmunity? (Domain II)
These drugs induce a lupus-like syndrome, producing anti-nuclear antibodies, causing joint pain and fever (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
46
What mechanism does vinyl chloride use to cause autoimmunity? (Domain II)
Vinyl chloride induces scleroderma by increasing collagen production, thickening skin (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
47
How does silica contribute to autoimmunity? (Domain II)
Silica increases scleroderma risk by activating inflammasomes, producing IL-1β and IL-18 (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
48
What is the immunotoxic effect of hexachlorobenzene? (Domain II)
Hexachlorobenzene induces porphyria cutanea tarda, causing phototoxicity and bullous skin lesions (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
49
How does methyldopa cause autoimmunity? (Domain II)
Methyldopa triggers immune targeting of platelets and erythrocytes, causing hemolytic anemia (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
50
What mechanism do TNFα inhibitors use to increase infection risk? (Domain II)
TNFα inhibitors suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing immune defense against pathogens (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
51
How does natalizumab affect immune function? (Domain II)
Natalizumab, an anti-α4 integrin antibody, inhibits lymphocyte trafficking, increasing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
52
What is the immunotoxic target of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)? (Domain II)
PCDFs target B cells and thymocytes, suppressing immunity via AhR activation, as seen in Japanese rice oil contamination (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
53
How does TCDD’s immunotoxicity differ in humans vs. rodents? (Domain II)
TCDD causes severe thymic involution in rodents via AhR, but human immunotoxicity is less pronounced, with chloracne as the hallmark (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
54
What mechanism does lead use to increase hypersensitivity? (Domain II)
Lead increases Th2 cytokines (IL-4), promoting IgE production and allergic responses (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
55
How does mercury affect Brazilian gold miners’ immunity? (Domain II)
Mercury exposure increases inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα), enhancing autoimmune responses (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
56
What is the immunotoxic effect of carbon tetrachloride? (Domain II)
Carbon tetrachloride decreases T and B cell function via release of TGFβ and PGE2 from the liver (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
57
How do tricothecenes cause immune stimulation? (Domain II)
Tricothecenes increase cytokine production (IL-1, IL-2, IL-15, IL-6), activating macrophages and neutrophils (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
58
What is the immunotoxic target of DES in utero exposure? (Domain II)
In utero DES exposure causes lasting thymic depletion and macrophage dysfunction (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
59
How does BPA’s immunotoxicity compare to DES? (Domain II)
BPA weakly mimics estrogen, with less severe thymic and T-cell effects than DES, but safety remains debated (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
60
What mechanism do NSAIDs use to suppress immunity? (Domain II)
NSAIDs inhibit COX-1/COX-2, reducing prostaglandin and thromboxane production, suppressing inflammation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
61
How does cyclophosphamide affect immune function? (Domain II)
Cyclophosphamide, a prodrug, suppresses humoral and cell-mediated immunity by alkylating DNA in lymphocytes (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
62
What is the immunotoxic effect of azathioprine? (Domain II)
Azathioprine, metabolized to 6-mercaptopurine, inhibits purine synthesis, suppressing B and T cell responses (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
63
How does leflunomide cause immunosuppression? (Domain II)
Leflunomide inhibits pyrimidine synthesis, reducing T and B cell proliferation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
64
What mechanism does cyclosporine A use to suppress immunity? (Domain II)
Cyclosporine A inhibits calcineurin, blocking IL-2 production and T-cell proliferation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
65
How does FK506 (tacrolimus) compare to cyclosporine A? (Domain II)
FK506 inhibits calcineurin like cyclosporine A but is 10x more potent, suppressing T-cell responses (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
66
What is the immunotoxic target of rapamycin? (Domain II)
Rapamycin binds mTOR, blocking IL-2-driven T-cell proliferation, without nephrotoxicity (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
67
How does tofacitinib affect immune function? (Domain II)
Tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor, suppresses acute and adaptive immune responses, used for RA and transplants (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
68
What mechanism does fingolimod use to alter immunity? (Domain II)
Fingolimod, an S1P receptor modulator, alters lymphocyte trafficking, reducing immune cell infiltration (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
69
How do AIDS therapeutics like zidovudine cause immunotoxicity? (Domain II)
Zidovudine inhibits viral reverse transcriptase but is immunotoxic, killing CD4+ T cells (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
70
What is the immunotoxic effect of ozone inhalation? (Domain II)
Ozone induces lung inflammation, activating inflammasomes and increasing IL-1β and IL-18 (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
71
How does silica cause silicosis? (Domain II)
Silica activates inflammasomes via caspase-1, producing IL-1β and IL-18, leading to lung fibrosis (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
72
What mechanism does asbestos use to cause asbestosis? (Domain II)
Asbestos induces frustrated phagocytosis, causing sustained ROS production and lung inflammation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
73
How do peanut proteins induce hypersensitivity? (Domain II)
Peanut proteins trigger Type I IgE-mediated reactions, causing shortness of breath and anaphylaxis (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
74
What is the immunotoxic target of TCDD in B cells? (Domain II)
TCDD directly targets B cells, suppressing IgM production in the AFC assay via AhR activation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
75
How does lead’s Th2 shift affect macrophage function? (Domain II)
Lead promotes Th2 cytokines, favoring M2 macrophages, reducing defense against intracellular pathogens (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
76
What mechanism does cadmium use to increase infection risk? (Domain II)
Cadmium suppresses lymphocyte proliferation, impairing adaptive immunity, despite enhanced phagocytosis (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
77
How does satratoxin G cause neurotoxicity? (Domain II)
Satratoxin G inhibits protein synthesis, inducing nasal inflammation and neurotoxic cytokine release (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
78
What is the immunotoxic effect of in utero DES exposure? (Domain II)
In utero DES exposure causes permanent thymic depletion and reduced macrophage function (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
79
How do glucocorticoids affect eosinophils and mast cells? (Domain II)
Glucocorticoids strongly suppress eosinophils and mast cells, reducing allergic inflammation (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
80
What mechanism does cocaine use to suppress host resistance? (Domain II)
Cocaine alters T and B cell function, reducing cytokine production and pathogen clearance (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
81
How does UV radiation increase skin cancer risk? (Domain II)
UV radiation suppresses T-cell immunity, impairing immune surveillance against neoplastic cells (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
82
What is the immunotoxic target of polyisocyanates in the Bhopal disaster? (Domain II)
Polyisocyanates targeted lungs, causing Type I hypersensitivity and acute respiratory distress (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).
83
How does nickel’s NFκB activation cause contact dermatitis? (Domain II)
Nickel activates NFκB, inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to Type IV hypersensitivity (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: PubMed, 2024).
84
What mechanism does hexachlorobenzene use to cause porphyria cutanea tarda? (Domain II)
Hexachlorobenzene disrupts heme synthesis, increasing porphyrins, causing phototoxic skin lesions (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: NIH, 2025).
85
How does methyldopa’s autoimmunity differ from vinyl chloride? (Domain II)
Methyldopa targets blood cells, causing hemolytic anemia, while vinyl chloride induces scleroderma via collagen deposition (DABT_Study_Notes.xlsx, Immune Tox; Web: EPA, 2024).

DABT 2025 (16 decks)

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