Respiratory Toxicity

Question 1

What are common toxic agents for respiratory toxicity?

Answer 1

Ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, asbestos, silica, toluene diisocyanate, phosgene, formaldehyde, diacetyl.

Question 2

What is the mechanism of ozone-induced respiratory toxicity?

Answer 2

Generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and airway inflammation.

Question 3

What is the mechanism of asbestos-induced respiratory toxicity?

Answer 3

Causes frustrated phagocytosis, ROS production, leading to fibrosis and lung cancer.

Question 4

What is the mechanism of toluene diisocyanate toxicity?

Answer 4

Induces occupational asthma via immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 5

What are biomarkers for respiratory toxicity?

Answer 5

Increased inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), decreased FEV1/FVC ratio, exhaled nitric oxide.

Question 6

What are testing methods for respiratory toxicity?

Answer 6

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), chest X-ray/CT, BAL, lung biopsy.

Question 7

What are endpoints for respiratory toxicity?

Answer 7

Asthma, COPD, lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Question 8

How does silica cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 8

Induces silicosis via chronic inflammation and fibrosis in lung tissue.

Question 9

What is the role of particulate matter in respiratory toxicity?

Answer 9

Triggers inflammation and oxidative stress, contributing to COPD and asthma exacerbation.

Question 10

How is formaldehyde toxic to the respiratory system?

Answer 10

Causes nasal irritation and tumors via chronic exposure and DNA damage.

Question 11

What are common respiratory toxic agents?

Answer 11

Asbestos, silica, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, phosgene, paraquat, beryllium, isocyanates, sulfur dioxide.

Question 12

What is the primary mechanism of asbestos-induced respiratory toxicity?

Answer 12

Induces chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis, leading to asbestosis and mesothelioma.

Question 13

How does silica cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 13

Triggers macrophage activation and cytokine release, causing silicosis.

Question 14

What is the mechanism of ozone-induced lung injury?

Answer 14

Generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing epithelial damage and inflammation.

Question 15

How does carbon monoxide affect the respiratory system?

Answer 15

Binds hemoglobin, reducing oxygen delivery, causing hypoxia.

Question 16

What biomarkers indicate respiratory toxicity?

Answer 16

BAL cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), LDH, club cell protein (CC16), exhaled nitric oxide.

Question 17

What are standard testing methods for respiratory toxicity?

Answer 17

Spirometry, BAL fluid analysis, histopathology, lung function tests.

Question 18

What are key endpoints of respiratory toxicity?

Answer 18

Pulmonary fibrosis, COPD, lung cancer, pneumoconiosis, asthma.

Question 19

How does nitrogen dioxide cause lung toxicity?

Answer 19

Oxidizes lung tissue, causing bronchial inflammation and edema.

Question 20

What is the toxic effect of phosgene on the lungs?

Answer 20

Forms hydrochloric acid, causing acute pulmonary edema.

Question 21

How does paraquat induce respiratory toxicity?

Answer 21

Generates ROS, causing alveolar epithelial damage and fibrosis.

Question 22

What is the mechanism of beryllium-induced lung toxicity?

Answer 22

Induces granulomatous inflammation, leading to chronic beryllium disease.

Question 23

What are clinical signs of respiratory toxicity?

Answer 23

Dyspnea, cough, wheezing, chest pain, cyanosis.

Question 24

How does isocyanates cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 24

Triggers immune-mediated hypersensitivity, causing occupational asthma.

Question 25

What is a key biomarker for ozone exposure?

Answer 25

Elevated BAL neutrophils and IL-8.

Question 26

How does sulfur dioxide cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 26

Forms sulfurous acid, irritating airways and causing bronchoconstriction.

Question 27

What testing method detects lung function impairment?

Answer 27

Spirometry measures FEV1/FVC ratio.

Question 28

How does cadmium affect the lungs?

Answer 28

Induces oxidative stress, causing emphysema and lung cancer.

Question 29

What is a long-term endpoint of asbestos exposure?

Answer 29

Mesothelioma due to pleural inflammation.

Question 30

What agent causes hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 30

Organic dusts (e.g., mold spores), via immune-mediated inflammation.

Question 31

What is the role of BAL fluid analysis in respiratory toxicity?

Answer 31

Quantifies inflammatory cells and cytokines to assess lung injury.

Question 32

What biomarker indicates fibrotic lung disease?

Answer 32

Elevated transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in BAL.

Question 33

How does chlorine gas cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 33

Forms hypochlorous acid, causing acute bronchial and alveolar damage.

Question 34

What is the mechanism of acrolein-induced lung toxicity?

Answer 34

Depletes glutathione, causing epithelial necrosis.

Question 35

What test confirms beryllium sensitization?

Answer 35

Beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT).

Question 36

How does nickel cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 36

Induces oxidative stress and inflammation, causing nasal and lung cancer.

Question 37

What biomarker reflects airway inflammation?

Answer 37

Elevated exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).

Question 38

How does formaldehyde cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 38

Irritates mucosal surfaces, causing rhinitis and asthma.

Question 39

What is an endpoint of chronic silica exposure?

Answer 39

Silicosis, progressing to pulmonary fibrosis.

Question 40

How does ammonia gas affect the lungs?

Answer 40

Causes alkaline burns, leading to airway edema.

Question 41

What test evaluates airway hyperresponsiveness?

Answer 41

Methacholine challenge test detects asthma.

Question 42

How does coal dust cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 42

Induces chronic inflammation, causing coal workers’ pneumoconiosis.

Question 43

What biomarker monitors paraquat toxicity?

Answer 43

Elevated D-dimer indicates pulmonary vascular injury.

Question 44

How does mustard gas cause lung toxicity?

Answer 44

Alkylates DNA, causing epithelial sloughing and ARDS.

Question 45

What is an endpoint of ozone exposure?

Answer 45

Chronic bronchitis due to airway remodeling.

Question 46

How does cotton dust cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 46

Triggers byssinosis via endotoxin-mediated inflammation.

Question 47

What test detects pulmonary edema?

Answer 47

Chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates.

Question 48

How does vanadium cause lung toxicity?

Answer 48

Induces oxidative stress, causing bronchitis and asthma.

Question 49

What biomarker indicates epithelial damage?

Answer 49

Reduced club cell protein (CC16) in serum.

Question 50

How does diacetyl cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 50

Damages bronchial epithelium, causing bronchiolitis obliterans.

Question 51

What is an endpoint of phosgene exposure?

Answer 51

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Question 52

How does manganese cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 52

Inhaled particles cause pneumonitis and manganism.

Question 53

What test assesses lung fibrosis?

Answer 53

High-resolution CT scan shows interstitial patterns.

Question 54

How does toluene diisocyanate cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 54

Induces immune-mediated asthma via hapten formation.

Question 55

What biomarker monitors asbestos exposure?

Answer 55

Elevated pleural mesothelin levels.

Question 56

How does hydrogen sulfide cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 56

Inhibits cytochrome oxidase, causing pulmonary edema.

Question 57

What is an endpoint of beryllium exposure?

Answer 57

Chronic beryllium disease with granulomas.

Question 58

How does cigarette smoke cause lung toxicity?

Answer 58

Induces oxidative stress and inflammation, causing COPD.

Question 59

What biomarker indicates acute lung injury?

Answer 59

Elevated BAL protein levels.

Question 60

How does chromium cause respiratory toxicity?

Answer 60

Induces DNA damage, causing lung cancer.

Question 61

What is the rate of removal of particles in the Lung

Answer 61

30 - 300 mins