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Physiology Test 2 > Endocrines > Flashcards

Endocrines Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary axis

A

Releasing hormones stimulates synthesis and secretion disorders
Inhibiting hormones prevent synthesis and secretion

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2
Q

Hormones released by hypothalamus acting on anterior lobe

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone
Growth hormone inhibitory hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Prolactin inhibitory hormone

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3
Q

Growth hormone stimulus

A

Stimulus
-growth hormone releasing hormone From hypothalamus
-fasting low sugar and vigorous exercise
-grhelin secreted in stomach

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4
Q

Growth hormone inhibited by

A

Somatostatin/ growth hormone inhibitory hormone
GH inhibits GHRH

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5
Q

Growth hormone over the years

A

Peaks at teenage years, every 3 to 5 hours, highest peak, one hour after onset of sleep

Released by somatotrophs

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6
Q

Action of growth hormone

A

increases in muscle mass
decrease adipose tissue
Increase linear growth of bone
Increase cell number and cell size
Proteins synthesis and gluconeogenesis

T3 is needed for GH to work

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7
Q

Action of growth hormone on muscles and adipose tissue

A

Muscle- increase muscle mass- Decreasing glucose uptake, increase amino acid uptake, increased protein synthesis, leading to increase in muscle mass

Adipose- decrease adipose tissue- increase lipolysis, decreased glucose uptake, decreased adipose tissue

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8
Q

Action of growth hormone on bones

A

Increased linear growth

Increase collagen synthesis
Increase protein synthesis
Cell proliferation

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9
Q

Action of growth hormone in liver

A

Proteins synthesis
gluconeogenesis
Conserves carbohydrates

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10
Q

Growth hormone abnormalities

A

Hypopituitarism- pituitary defect, this function of the hypothalamus
Dwarfism- Hyposecretion in a child
Deficiency in adults-few symptoms cardiovascular disease, osteopenia, social, isolation, disturbed sexual life)

GH excess
- tumor of GH cells
- Hypopituitarism
-Gigantism, increase in GH before epiphyseal plates close
-Acromegaly, increase in GH after puberty

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11
Q

Acromegaly

A

Enlargement of cranium and lower jaw
Malocclusion teeth
Bulging forehead

Coarsening of facial features
Bulbous nose, thick lips, enlarged tongue

Enlarged hand and feet
Enlarged heart, liver and spleen

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12
Q

Factors that contribute proper production of thyroid hormones

A

Iron
Iodine
Tyrosine
Zinc
Selenium
Vitamin E, B2, B6, C, D

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13
Q

Factors that inhibit production of thyroid hormones

A

Stress
Infection, trauma, medication
Fluoride
Toxins- pesticides mercury lead
autoimmune disease

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14
Q

Factors that increase conversion of T4 to T3

A

Zinc
Selenium

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15
Q

Factors that improve cell sensitivity to thyroid hormones

A

Vit A
Zinc
Exercise

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16
Q

Thyroid hormone in the liver

A

Converts glucose to glycogen
Increase fat synthesis

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17
Q

Thyroid hormone in bone

A

Bone growth
Bone maturation
Stimulation of epiphysis.

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18
Q

Thyroid hormone in CNS

A

Infants- axonal maturation
Adults - decreased alertness, decreased velocity of conduction

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19
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypermetabolism intolerance to heat
Increased sympathetic activity
Increased heart rate
Increased stroke, volume
Increase cardiac output
Hyperdynamic circulatory state

Treatment- thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine injections

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20
Q

Toxic goiter

A

Hyperthyroidism

2 to 3 times the normal size , hyperplasia
Each cell increases the rate of secretion

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21
Q

Hyperthyroidism examples

A

Toxic goiter
Thyrotoxicosis
Graves’ disease (auto immune disorder)
Anterior pituitary adenoma (secondary)
Hypothalamic tumor (tertiary)

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22
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Decrease metabolism intolerance to cold
Weight gain
Bradycardia, cardiac complications
Sluggishness

Etiology- iodine deficiency, infiltrative disorders

Treatment- levothyroxine

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23
Q

Hypothyroidism examples

A

Myxedema
-Total lack of thyroid hormones
-Medication to reduce the low thyroid hormone

Cretinism
Early intervention can reverse damage
Extreme hypothyroidism in fetal life
Presents after a few weeks as they adapt with maternal thyroid levels in utero

Hashimotos atrophic thyroiditis - autoimmune

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24
Q

Thyroid hormone stimulus

A

Role of temperature
Thyrotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
Thyroid Stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary

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25
Thyroid hormones
Thyroxine T4 T4 converts to T3 Triiodothyronine T3
26
Thyroid and BMR
Increases heat production Increases O2 consumption Increases cardiac output
27
Parathyroid glands
4 located over the thyroid One gland is adequate to maintain calcium and phosphate homeostasis
28
Parathyroid glands stimulus
Low blood calcium
29
Parathyroid gland function
Make more parathyroid hormone (PTH) PTH causes the body to put more calcium into the blood PTH causes the bones to release their calcium into the blood
30
Hyperparapthyroidism
Increases PTH
31
Primary hyperparapthyroidism
By neoplasm or hyperplasia -80% by adenoma -18% by hyperplasia -2% by parathyroid carcinoma
32
Secondary hyperparapthyroidism
By chronic renal failure -undistinguishable from primary parathyroid hyperplasia - Hyperfunction is compensatory mechanism triggered by Hypercalcemia
33
Hereditary hyperparapthyroidism
Hereditary <5%
34
Hypoparathyroidism
Decreased PTH most common after surgical, exploration, or resection of thyroid gland, removal of parathyroid glands Recover function with supplemental synthetic PTH Rare causes - congenital, genetic or auto immune
35
Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism
Deficiency of PTH hypocalcemia - Neuromuscular excitability - Muscle contraction spastic - Hypocalcemic tetany - Heart with arrhythmias - arrest
36
Adrenal gland hormone stimulus
Hypothalamus releases corticotropin, releasing hormone CRH Stimulates anterior pituitary release of ACTH Target cells are the adrenal glands
37
Adrenal gland cortex and medulla
Three layers of cortex 1 Zona glomerulosa - release mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, corticosterone) 2 Zona fasciculata- release glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone) 3 Zona reticularis - release androgens (estrogen, testosterone) Medulla- Catecholamines
38
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol- steroid Adrenal hormone
39
Glucocorticoids stimulus
Circadian rhythm, stress, hypoglycemia, trauma, broken bones, Burns, surgery, cold infection, anxiety, psychological stress
40
Function of glucocorticoids
Muscle- decrease glucose uptake, increased protein degradation, decreased protein synthesis Adipose issue- increase fat mobility, decreased glucose uptake Liver- gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis Bone- decreased bone formation Pancreas- counter interacts insulin production Increases GFR- dilates afferent CNS- limbic system, stress hormone
41
Which hormone is released in minutes during trauma?
Glucocorticoids- cortisol
42
Immunosuppressant effects of glucocorticoids
Suppresses the immune system Inhibits the inflammatory response For treating bee stings poison ivy and pollen allergies Helps prevent rejection of transplanted organs
43
Exogenous administration will do what to glucocorticoids?
May shut down ACTH production and cause atrophy of adrenal cells
44
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone (steroid)
45
Mineralocorticoids stimulus
Renin- angiotensin and high potassium
46
Action of Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Increased renal sodium reabsorption Increased renal potassium secretion Renin
47
Function of Mineralocorticoids aldosterone
Regulating, sodium and potassium on renal distal tubule Controls BP Maintains electrolyte balance
48
Androgens
Estrogen Testosterone Sexual characteristics and function
49
Hypercortisolism
Cushing’s syndrome- Increase secretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary (secondary aldosteronism) Adrenal tumor secretes cortisol Pituitary tumor that autonomously secretes ACTH
50
Hypercortisolism effects
Moon face Buffalo hump Thinning of skin Osteoporosis Excessive hairiness Excessive breakdown of protein and lipid reserves Hypertension Impaired glucose metabolism Striae cutis Fatigue weakness
51
Hypocorticolism
Addisons disease Hyposecretion of all adrenal steroid hormones Too little cortisol and aldosterone All age groups Life-threatening
52
Hyperaldosteronism
Primary-overproduction at Adrina wins Secondary - due the kidneys, overactivity of renin, which acts on the RAAS system - Raise arterial hypertension -Low potassium, high sodium
53
Symptoms of hyperaldosteronism
Hypertension, related, headaches, face flushing, hyponatremia hypokalemia, constipation, polyuria, paralysis, cardiac disturbances
54
Androgenital syndome
Virilization by androgens By inborn error of steroidal metabolism Adulthood by tumors Affected women present with hirsutism, loss of menstrual cycles, change of voice
55
Signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease
Fatigue Weight loss, decreased appetite Low blood pressure craving salt, low blood sugar nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Abdominal pain Muscle and joint pain Depression Loss of body hair and sexual dysfunction
56
Diagnosis of Addison’s disease
Blood test ACTH stimulation imaging tests
57
Treatment of Addison’s disease
Oral corticosteroids Corticosteroid injections
58
ADH stimulation
Hyperosmotic plasma, Hypovolemia, hypotension, sympathetic stimulation Angiotensin two stimulates posterior pituitary to release ADH
59
Action of ADH
Target tissue, the kidney Increases water reabsorption at the kidney and thus decreasing plasma osmolarity
60
Hyper secretion of ADH
Water intoxication due to fluid retention Hyponatremia CNS dysfunction due to brain swelling Manage- correct sodium in balance, and underlying cause Rehabilitation implications - monitor for weight gain, and blood pressure
61
Hypo secretion of ADH
Diabetes insipidus- ADH insufficiency - kidneys fail to absorb water Large amounts of dilute urine Polydipsia , dehydration, constipation Management- exogenous replacement of ADH
62
Oxytocin stimulus
Newborn sucking breast, sight, smell, sound of an infant
63
Oxytocin, inhibitory stimulus
Stress and Catecholamines Moms need to relax when pumping or nursing
64
Action of oxytocin
Milk let down in mammary glands Uterine contractions in labor facilitates delivery of the baby and placenta
65
Catecholamines
Released from adrenal medulla, considered a big sympathetic ganglia Epinephrine and norepinephrine Stimulates by sympathetic nervous system
66
Actions of Catecholamines
Liver- increase blood glucose, glycogen, broken down to glucose Adipose tissue Muscle Fight and flight response - increase in blood pressure, increasing respiratory rate, increasing metabolic rate Tumor- pheochromocytoma can lead to hypersecretion

Physiology Test 2 (12 decks)

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