Homeostasis of blood

Question 1

Hyperemia

Answer 1

accumulation of blood in peripheral circulation

Active or passive
Acute or chronic

Question 2

Active hyperemia

Answer 2

Dilation of arterioles and influx of blood in capillaries

Blushing or exercise
-Mediated by neural signs- relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle

Feature of acute inflammation

Question 3

Passive hyperemia

Answer 3

congestion
by venous back pressure

chronic hydrostatic, edema, and deoxygenated blood - cyanosis

Typical of heart failure- pulmonary edema- blood in alveoli- RBCs degrading to hemosiderin- accumulates in lysosomes of macrophages- called heart failure cells are seen in mucus

Question 4

Hemorrhage for capillary

Answer 4

pinpoint droplets of blood on the surface of the skin or mucosa or other tissues

can be because of trauma , increased venous, pressure or weak capillary walls in scurvy

Question 5

hemorrhage venous

Answer 5

they contain RBCs and plasma
clotting factors of plasma are activated on contact with tissue
clot or thrombus, includes the defect of a vessel wall

Can be traumatic

Deoxygenated blood

Does not have a pulsating flow versus arterial

External or internal Hypovolemia

Hematomas in tissues

Question 6

hemorrhage can be…

Answer 6

Cardiac
Aortic
Arterial
Nose
Skin
Brain
Lungs
G.I. system
gu system
Uterus

Question 7

cardiac hemorrhage, fatal

Answer 7

Gun shot or stab wound
softening of muscle after heart attack ventricular rupture

Question 8

Aortic hemorrhage

Answer 8

by trauma, a car accident
aneurysm, wall weakening and dilation, aortic rupture

Question 9

arterial hemorrhage

Answer 9

Penetrating wounds by a bullet or knife
Fracture bone
Pulsating and bright red color, oxygenated blood
Must stop the hemorrhage

Question 10

nose hemorrhage

Answer 10

epistaxis and leukemia

Question 11

Skin hemorrhage

Answer 11

petechiae
purpura
ecchymosis

Question 12

Brain hemorrhage

Answer 12

Epidural, subdural hemorrhage

Question 13

Lung hemorrhage

Answer 13

Hemoptysis

Question 14

G.I. system hemorrhage

Answer 14

hematemesis-mouth

Hematochezia - fresh blood
melena- old blood

Question 15

GU system hemorrhage

Answer 15

Hematuria

Question 16

uterus hemorrhage

Answer 16

Metorehagia uterine, menorrhagia

Question 17

The consequences of hemorrhage depends on

Answer 17

The amount
Site
Duration

one episode is better tolerated then repeat

Young person can tolerate better than an old debilitated one

Question 18

What amount of hemorrhage can be tolerated?

Answer 18

500 milliliters
One unit of blood

Question 19

Massive hemorrhage amount

Answer 19

1500 mL blood loss

Exsanguination, hypovolemic shock, death

Question 20

hematoma

Answer 20

Causes Compression of tissues

Question 21

Acute hemorrhage

Answer 21

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Stroke, death

Loss of neurons in paralysis by destruction of motor centers

Subacute chronic

Question 22

Chronic hemorrhage

Answer 22

slow blood loss, anemia

G.I. gastric ulcer
Uterus, menses
Replenish iron or anemia is form of deficiency of iron

Question 23

The transformation of blood into fibrin is polymerized by what

Answer 23

Fibrinogen

Question 24

Platelets and clotting factors promote

Answer 24

Thrombus formation

Question 25

endothelial cells in plasmin counteracts…

Answer 25

Contracts or inhibits thrombus formation

Question 26

thrombus consist of…

Answer 26

Platelets coagulation, proteins, and endothelial cells

Question 27

common sites of thrombus formation

Answer 27

intramural thrombi of heart valvular thrombi of heart Arterial thrombi venous thrombi Microvascular thrombi

Question 28

Fate of large thrombi

Answer 28

they are attached to the wall or endothelium, and can cause occlusion Mediated by adhesion, Fibronectin, or fibrin

Question 29

thromboemboli

Answer 29

Fragments carried by venous or arterial flow Infected is septic emboli

Question 30

Embolus

Answer 30

free movable intravascular mass carried away by blood flow to another site Can occlude or interrupt blood flow to an organ

Question 31

liquid emboli

Answer 31

fat Amniotic fluid Oil by pseudo plastic surgeons

Question 32

gaseous embolism

Answer 32

Air injection Nitrogen caisson disease, or decompression sickness

Question 33

solid particle emboli

Answer 33

cholesterol crystals atheroma plaque Bone marrow Tumor emboli metastasis

Question 34

White infarct

Answer 34

Arterial occlusion Solid organs, heart kidney spleen Can lead to necrosis

Question 35

red hemorrhagic infarct

Answer 35

venous obstruction A twisting motion of the organ around the supporting structure, like mesentery organs with anastomosis like the lungs Small infarct of intestine may regenerate Larger infarcts replace it with scar tissue

Question 36

shock

Answer 36

There is hypo perfusion of tissues

Question 37

hypo perfusion of tissues

Answer 37

Collapse of circulation Disproportion between circulating blood volume and vascular space Anoxia and multiple organ failure

Question 38

Anoxia

Answer 38

loss of vascular tone because of cardio respiratory failure

Question 39

pump failure of heart

Answer 39

Cardiogenic shock infarction of myocardium Arrhythmias or conduction block

Question 40

loss of fluid from circulation

Answer 40

Hypovolemic shock Massive hemorrhage from trauma or surgery Burns Vomiting or diarrhea

Question 41

lots of peripheral vascular tone

Answer 41

Hypotensive shock Distributive, shock, dilation of vessels and pooling of blood in peripheral vessels Anaphylactic shock, adverse neurogenic stimuli (bacterial endotoxins, toxic shock syndrome)

Question 42

early stages of shock

Answer 42

Reversible and treatable Organ failure present

Question 43

Shock in circulation

Answer 43

Cardiac failure, hypoperfusion, initial compensation by peripheral vasoconstriction Saves blood for vital organs Pooling of blood in Central organs

Question 44

Shock and kidneys

Answer 44

Hypo perfusion, decreased filtration, low urine output and anuria

Question 45

metabolic acidosis

Answer 45

Low pH Can be a result of shock Bad filtration of metabolites like HCO3

Question 46

respiratory acidosis is seen with

Answer 46

Carbon dioxide retention

Question 47

anoxia tissue releases

Answer 47

Cytokines TNF and IL1 vasodilation and increase permeability of cell membrane equals a loss of fluid into tissues

Question 48

increased clotting by low blood flow leads to

Answer 48

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Question 49

early compensated shock

Answer 49

Tachycardia Vasoconstriction of arterials Normal BP and no signs of vital organ ischemia Reduce urine production

Question 50

Decompensated shock

Answer 50

reversible Compensatory mechanism of early shock failure hypotension Tachypnea Oliguria Metabolic acidosis

Question 51

metabolic acidosis

Answer 51

Renal failure Low excretion of acid metabolites formation of lactic acid Respiratory insufficiency Retention of carbon dioxide

Question 52

oliguria

Answer 52

low glomerular filtration with low urine output

Question 53

irreversible shock

Answer 53

end result of decompensated shock with high mortality maybe aware of grave condition, but most likely unconscious circulatory collapse, hypotension hypo perfusion of vital organs acidosis anuria respiratory distress Disseminated intravascular coagulation