Middle GI

Question 1

Secretion in middle G.I.

Answer 1

enzymes
mucous goblet cells
bicarbonates
bile

Question 2

Digestion in middle G.I.

Answer 2

polypeptides
Carbohydrates
fats
Nucleic acids

Question 3

absorption in middle G.I.

Answer 3

amino acids, peptides
monosaccharides
Fatty acids cholesterol monoglycerides
Nitrogenous bases
Water, ions, minerals, vitamins

Question 4

motility of middle G.I.

Answer 4

moves through within 7-9 hours
Mixing and propulsion by segmentation , some peristalsis

Question 5

duodenum

Answer 5

c-shaped course pylorus to duodenojejunal flexure

Tall columnar epithelium

Question 6

duodenum secretion

Answer 6

secretin hormone

cholecystokinin hormone

bile from liver and pancreatic fluid

mucosal globlet cell to neutralize acidic content from stomach

Question 7

duodenum digestion

Answer 7

primary site for chemical digestion

bile- bile salts emulsifies fat to fat droplets
pancreatic juice neutralize acid and digestion
- pancreatic lipase- fat
- pancreatic amylase- carb
- pancreatic proteases- protein

Question 8

absorption in duodenum

Answer 8

Short villi

Sugar, fats, amino acids

Minerals

Question 9

Hormone secreted by the duodenum

Answer 9

secreting
cholecystokinin

Question 10

jejunum

Answer 10

villi for absorption

Fluid sodium, minimal nutrients calcium fat, soluble vitamins

Crypt sells for intestinal, fluid secretion
- washout pathogens
-Lubrication
-Vehicle for antibodies

Question 11

illeum

Answer 11

delivers to large intestine
2 L of fluid is delivered to large intestine

Question 12

Celiac sprue

Answer 12

malabsorption syndrome
hypersensitivity wheat gluten gliadin, resulting in immune mediated destruction of villi

Question 13

lactase deficiency

Answer 13

milk intolerance
With manifestations of osmotic, diarrhea and bloating due to fermentation of lactose in the colon

Question 14

vitamin B 12 deficiency

Answer 14

Megaloblastic, anemia, and Neurologic degeneration caused by demyelination

Question 15

Crohn’s disease

Answer 15

Terminal ileum

Narrow lumen - intestinal strictures bleeding

Question 16

Acute appendicitis

Answer 16

McBurney’s point painful right lower quadrant

Symptoms arise by local inflammatory reaction ulceration

Necrotize

Rupture

Nausea, vomiting, fever, pain

Question 17

mechanical, obstructive, ileus

Answer 17

atresia or stenosis, stricture
vascular constriction, ischemia, necrosis

Hernia
Intussusception
volvulus
Adhesions
Neoplasms

Question 18

Liver

Answer 18

glycogen and vitamin storage

Waste product, hormonal, and drug removal

Immune Kupffer cells

Bile acids and bile pigment

Important for lipid assimilation
Bile pigment is Bilirubin
Breakdown product of hemoglobin
elimination by feces and urine

Question 19

What controls the blood glucose?

Answer 19

Liver

Control a blood glucose, consume glucose, or add glucose to the blood

Question 20

low blood glucose concentration

Answer 20

Liver oxidizes fatty acids for energy and synthesizes ketones to be metabolized by other tissues

Question 21

High blood glucose or amino acid concentrations

Answer 21

liver converts them to fatty acids and triglycerides storing in adipose tissue

Lipids convert to Lipo proteins for transport
Chylomicrons deliver, dietary lipids to circulation

Question 22

How does the liver synthesize nonessential amino acids or removes excess amino acids?

Answer 22

By converting them to glucose or lipids

Question 23

when amino acids are broken down…

Answer 23

Uria is formed in the liver and is excreted in the urine

Question 24

the liver consumes amino acids for what

Answer 24

For synthesis of serum proteins, like albumin, clotting factors, hormone binding proteins

Question 25

bilirubin test for liver

Answer 25

Assess the function of the hemoglobin breakdown and excretion pathway

Question 26

albumin test for liver

Answer 26

total protein Provide a rough assessment of overall synthetic function

Question 27

prothrombin time test for liver

Answer 27

assess extrinsic clotting pathway

Question 28

ammonia levels for liver test

Answer 28

Assess detoxification functions

Question 29

HCO3 rich fluid from pancreas

Answer 29

Neutralize acid from the stomach stimulated by secreted

Question 30

Pancreatic duct joints the common bile duct to form

Answer 30

Common excretory doctor, which is guarded by the sphincter of Oddi

Question 31

Secretion is coordinated when

Answer 31

chyme enters the small intestine

Question 32

Two pathways stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion

Answer 32

Neurotransmitter acetylcholine acts as the M3 muscarinic receptors Hormone cholecystokinin CCK ask via the CCK A receptor

Question 33

Pancreatic autodigestion is prevented by

Answer 33

produced as inactive precursors called zymogens activation of zymogens occurs outside the pancreas in the small intestine

Question 34

which hormone stimulates bicarbonate secretion

Answer 34

Secretin