Endocrinology

Question 1

Central or cranial diabetes insipidus; may be due to neoplastic diseases or neurological surgery or head trauma which leads to deficient ADH production in the hypothalamus, leading to polyuria

Answer 1

Hypothalamic DI

Question 2

ADH is incapable of stimulating cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation leading to polyuria

Answer 2

Nephrogenic DI

Question 3

Condition where the thirst center is affected (excessive thirst leads to excessive water intake, leading to polyuria)

Answer 3

Psychogenic or primary polydipsia

Question 4

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; tissue thickening and spade-like hands

Answer 4

Acromegaly

Question 5

Elevated plasma testosterone in women (excessive hairiness)

Answer 5

Hirsutism

Question 6

Hyposecretion of adrenal hormones, glucocorticoids and aldosterone

Answer 6

Addison’s disease

Question 7

Dwarfism characterized by retarded growth of long bones by ossification (short limbs and small face)

Answer 7

Achondroplasia

Question 8

Tallest among the types of dwarfism

Answer 8

Hypochondroplasia

Question 9

Limb shortening but the skull is normal-sized; dwarfism characterized with hitchhiker’s thumb and spinal deformities

Answer 9

Diastrophic dysplasia

Question 10

Congenital dwarfism (rare genetic disorder); deformities that begin before birth

Answer 10

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia

Question 11

Condition characterized by hypersecretion of ACTH, leading to adrenal hyperplasia (obesity)

Answer 11

Cushing’s disease

Question 12

Autonomous, sustained production of AVP in the absence of known stimuli for its release; seen in malignancies of CNS diseases or pulmonary disorder

Answer 12

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

Question 13

Testing suspected hypopituitarism by the ability of the anterior pituitary gland to produced ACTH and GH

Answer 13

Insulin stress test

Question 14

Stimulating or suppressing a particular hormonal axis, and observing the appropriate hormonal response

Answer 14

Dynamic function test

Question 15

Pituitary response to TRH when the patient has hyperthyroidism

Answer 15

Flat

Question 16

Pituitary response to TRH when the patient has hypothyroidism

Answer 16

Exaggerated

Question 17

The manner by which all the anterior pituitary hormones are being secreted

Answer 17

Pulsatility

Question 18

The nervous system regulates this function through signals such as light and dark or the ration of daylight to darkness

Answer 18

Cyclicity

Question 19

Mechanism performed by the hypothalamus in working with the anterior pituitary and thyroid gland

Answer 19

Open-loop feedback

Question 20

Corticotropic agents used in ACTH stimulation test

Answer 20

Cosyntropin and tetracosactide

Question 21

ACTH stimulation test: low cortisol and aldosterone production

Answer 21

Cause is adrenal

Question 22

ACTH stimulation test: low ACTH production

Answer 22

Cause is pituitary

Question 23

Primary glucocorticoid synthesized by the adrenal gland

Answer 23

Cortisol

Question 24

Decline of this hormone produced by the corpus luteum causes the shedding of the endometrial lining

Answer 24

Progesterone

Question 25

Hormone responsible growth and maturity of ovarian follicles, spermatogenesis, and promotes endometrial changes

Answer 25

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 26

Hormone responsible for ovulation and secretion of androgens and progesterone, initiates secretory phase of menstruation

Answer 26

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 27

Hormone that readies the endometrium for embryo implantation

Answer 27

Progesterone

Question 28

Pancreatic tissues that secrete digestive juices into the intestines

Answer 28

Acini (grape-like clusters)

Question 29

Hormones act on the neighboring cells

Answer 29

Paracrine

Question 30

Thyroid hormone is made primarily by trace element, ____.

Answer 30

Iodine

Question 31

What is the recommended minimum daily intake of iodine?

Answer 31

150 ug

Question 32

The activity of iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase is ____ when levels of circulating T4 are high.

Answer 32

Decreased

Question 33

Approximately ___% of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer will have antithyroglobulin antibodies.

Answer 33

25

Question 34

What can be defined as a constellation of findings that results when peripheral tissues are presented with, and respond to, an excess of thyroid hormone?

Answer 34

Thyrotoxicosis

Question 35

TRUE or FALSE: Women are 5 times more likely than men to develop Grave's disease.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

After crossing the medulla, the right adrenal vein drains into the ____, and the left adrenal vein drains into the ____.

Answer 36

Inferior vena cava; left renal vein

Question 37

TRUE or FALSE: Glucocorticoids from the cortex are carried directly to the adrenal medulla via the portal system.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Progesterone & dopamine ____ aldosterone secretion.

Answer 38

Inhibit

Question 39

ANP, intracellular calcium, & certain drugs are aldosterone ____.

Answer 39

Suppressors

Question 40

ACTH is secreted in a ____ fashion by the pituitary gland and regulates cortisol production.

Answer 40

Pulsatile

Question 41

ACTH and cortisol levels are highest in the ____ and lowest at ____.

Answer 41

Early morning (8 am); night (10-12 am)

Question 42

____ accounts for 70% of the cases of primary adrenal insufficiency.

Answer 42

Autoimmune adrenalitis

Question 43

____ is the most common cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency.

Answer 43

Glucocorticoid therapy

Question 44

____ is a synthetic stimulator of cortisol and aldosterone secretion, which tests the capacity of the adrenal gland to increase hormone production in response to stimulation.

Answer 44

Cosyntropin

Question 45

TRUE or FALSE: Most patients with ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome have pituitary adenomas or hyperplasia.

Answer 45

False | ACTH-dependent

Question 46

____ acts as an exogenous cortisol substitute, suppressing ACTH if the pituitary gland is normal, and cortisol secretion if the adrenal gland is normal.

Answer 46

Dexamethosone

Question 47

Androgens are produced as by-products of ____ synthesis that are regulated by ACTH.

Answer 47

Cortisol

Question 48

High ____ & ____ strongly suggests adrenal hyperandrogenism.

Answer 48

DHEA; DHEAS

Question 49

Testosterone and ____ are the 2 hormones secreted by the testes that provide feedback control to the hypothalamus and pituitary.

Answer 49

Inhibin

Question 50

Highest level of testosterone is found at about ___ am and the lowest at ___ am.

Answer 50

6; 12

Question 51

Sertoli cells produce ____, which aids in regression of the female primordial genital tract.

Answer 51

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

Question 52

Stimulation of ____ induces production of testosterone.

Answer 52

Leydig cells

Question 53

Fetal pituitary FSH and LH peak near ____ and fall into low concentrations at ____.

Answer 53

Mid-gestation; birth

Question 54

In girls with delayed puberty, sex steroids and gonadotropins are ____.

Answer 54

Low

Question 55

All anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in a ____ fashion.

Answer 55

Pulsatile

Question 56

TRH stimulates the release of both TSH and ____.

Answer 56

Prolactin

Question 57

Somatostatin inhibits ____ & ____ release from the pituitary.

Answer 57

GH; TSH

Question 58

WHO defined ____ as tumors that have an MIB-1 proliferative index greater than 3%, excessive pf5 immunoreactivity, and increased mitotic activity.

Answer 58

Atypical pituitary tumors

Question 59

____ is a monoclonal antibody that is used to detect the Ki-67 antigen, a marker for cell proliferation.

Answer 59

MIB-1

Question 60

P53 tumor suppressor gene was shown to upregulate active ____ secretion, which inhibits IFG-1 signaled mutagenesis, and thus, inhibits neoplastic cell proliferation.

Answer 60

IGFBP-3

Question 61

____ is the only neuroendocrine signal that inhibits prolactin and is now considered to be the elusive prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF).

Answer 61

Dopamine

Question 62

TRH directly ____ prolactin secretion.

Answer 62

Stimulates

Question 63

____ directly stimulates lactotrophs to synthesize prolactin.

Answer 63

Estrogen

Question 64

What is prolactin's major mode of hypothalamic regulation?

Answer 64

Tonic inhibition

Question 65

Digestive fluid is produced by ____, which line the pancreas and are connected by small ducts.

Answer 65

Pancreatic acinar cells

Question 66

Most of the pancreatic action is under the hormonal control of ____ & ____.

Answer 66

Secretin; cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 67

___% of T4 is unbound.

Answer 67

0.03-0.05

Question 68

___% of T3 is free.

Answer 68

0.5%

Question 69

TRUE or FALSE: T4 is more potent than T3.

Answer 69

False | T3 is more potent.