Endocrinology Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Control center
A
Endocrine System
2
Q
METABOLISM, GROWTH, FERTILITY AND STRESS RESPONSE
A
Endocrine System
3
Q
chemical compounds released by the endocrine glands
A
hormones
4
Q
Affects the tissues distant from the site of production
A
Hormones
5
Q
cholesterol backbone
A
STEROIDS
6
Q
PROTEINS HAVE:
A
POLYPEPTIDE
7
Q
ONE MAJOR COMPOSITION
A
AMINO
8
Q
Stimulates the pituitary glands and regulate its secretions
A
HYPOTHALAMUS
9
Q
releasing hormone are from
A
HYPOTHALAMUS
10
Q
stimulates ACTH in the pituitary gland (adenocorticotropic hormone: targets adrenal gland)
A
CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)
11
Q
stimulates gonads (FSH and LH)
A
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
12
Q
Thyroid stimulating hormone
A
THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE
13
Q
Inhibitor of prolactin
A
DOPAMINE
14
Q
Inhibits TSH and GH
A
Somatostatin
15
Q
Master gland that distributes comand to other tissues
A
Pituitary gland
16
Q
Stimulating hormones are from
A
PITUITARY GLAND
17
Q
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones
A
LUTENIZING HORMONE
FSH
TSH
ACTH
GROWTH HORMONE
PROLACTIN
18
Q
Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones
A
Oxytoxin
Vasopressin/ADH/AVP
19
Q
Dimeric glycoprotein
A
LH
FSH
TSH
20
Q
FEEDBACK HORMONE OF LH:
A
Sex steroids (E2/T)
21
Q
FEEDBACK HORMONE of FSH:
A
INHIBIN
22
Q
FEEDBACK HORMONE OF ACTH
A
CORTISOL
23
Q
FEEDBACK HORMONE OF GROWTH HORMONE
A
IGF-1
24
Q
Lactations, labor induction and partuition
Pitocin
Maternal nurturing behavior and mother-infant bonding
A
OXYTOCIN
25
Receptor location for vasopressin/ADH
ALH and CD
26
Promote water retention and reabsorption (regulator: osmoreceptors)
ADH/AVP
27
ADH/Vasopressin increases coagulation factor:
Factor VIII (liver) and vWF (endothelium)
28
Direct effector hormones
GH and Prolactin
29
Calcitonin is secreted by
parafollicular cells
30
Responsible for the removal of excess calcium
Production is triggered by hypercalcemia
Calcitonin
31
Thyroid hormones are secreted by
follicular cells
32
T3 other name
Triiodothyronine
33
T4 other name
Tetraiodothyronin
34
Major component of thyroid hormones:
Tyrosine (Iodine)
35
Protein precursor of thyroid hormones are stored in
lumen of thyroid gland
36
Enzyme for Thyroid hormones
TPO - thyroid peroxidase
37
Flow of hormones from Hypothalamus to Liver
Hypothalamus -> TRH -> Anterior pituitary gland -> TSH -> Thyroid gland -> T3 and T4 -> Liver -> Release factors
38
Hypothyroidism diseases: Primary (from thyroid)
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimotos thyroiditis)
Treatment for toxic goiter - subtotal thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine
Excessive iodine intake
Subacute thyroiditis
39
Hypothyroidism disease: Secondary (Pituitary gland)
Hypopituitarism
40
Hypothyroidism diseases: Tertiary
Hypothalmic dysfunction
41
Affected by the thyroid gland/ direct problem in thyroid gland (↑TSH)
Primary hypothyroidism
42
autoimmune disorder; autoantibodies targets thyroid gland and inhibits production of T3 and T4
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
43
Antibodies present in hashimoto's thyroiditis
TgAb, thyroglobulin antibodies
TPOAb, thyroid peroxidase antibodies
44
Secondary hypothyroiditis decreased:
Pituitary gland (↓TSH)
45
Increased T3 and T4
Thyrotoxicosis
46
Hyperthyroidism diseases
Grave's disease
Toxic adenoma
Toxic multinodular goiter
TSH-secreting tumor
47
Nonhyperthyroidism
Painful thyroidism
Postpartum thyroiditis
Exogenous hormone
Ectopic thyroid tissue
48
Grave's disease pathogenic mechanism:
TSHRAb
49
Nonhyperthyroidism TSH and RAIU levels
Both decreased
50
Toxic adenoma pathogenic mechanism
Benign nodule
51
Toxic multinodular goiter pathogenic mechanism
Foci of functional autonomy
52
TSH secreting tumor pathogenic mechanism
Benign pituitary tumor
53
Leakage of thyroid hormone pathogenic mechanism
Painful thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis
54
Exogenous hormone pathogenic mechanism
Medication
55
Ectopic thyroid tissue pathogenic mechanism
Metastatic thyroid cancer; struma ovarii
56
Tests for grave's disease
TRab positive; TSI positive
57
Tests for Toxic adenoma and Toxic Multinodular goiter
Seen on thyroid scan
58
Tests for TSH secreting tumor
Pituitary MRI
59
Tests for painful thyroiditis
Tg inappropriately high
60
Tests for Postpartum thyroiditis
TPOAb often high
61
Tests for Ectopic thyroid tissue
Distant metastases seen on thyroid scan
62
autoimmune disease
antibody directed tsh receptor (TSHRab - receives TSH)
TSH stimulates T3 and T4
Grave's disease
63
Mimics function of TSH
TSHRab
64
Inhibit the production depending on the nature of the cells
Source: nodules of thyroid gland - abnormal proliferation - increased hormones
Toxic adenoma
65
enlargement of thyroid
Increased hormone productionenlargement of thyroid
Increased hormone production
Toxic multinodular goiter
66
benign pituitary tumor - increased stimulation TSH
TSH production is constant
TSH- Secreting tumor
67
no production/ not from the thyroid gland; from administered or metastatic tumor
Nonhyperthyroidism:
68
test to differentiate hyper to nonhypertyroidism
RAIU: Radioactive Iodine Uptake
69
increase uptake of iodine; how much iodine is taken up
Hyperthyroidism
70
does not produce T3 and T4; decreased iodine
Nonhyperthyroidism
71
Low TSH, Low free T4
SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
SEVERE NONTHYROIDAL ILLNESS
72
LOW TSH, NORMAL FREE T4 or NORMAL TSH, LOW FREE T4
Subclinical hyperthyroidism
Nonthyroidal illness
73
LOW TSH, HIGH FREE T4
HYPERTHYROIDISM
74
NORMAL TSH, NORMAL FREE T4
NORMAL
75
NORMAL TSH, HIGH FREE T4
ARTIFACT, PITUITARY HYPERTHYROIDISM
LABORATORY DRAW WITHIN 6-9 HOURS OF THYROXINE DOSE
76
HIGH TSH, LOW FREE T4
PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
77
HIGH TSH, NORMAL FREE T4
SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
78
HIGH TSH, HIGH FREE T4
TEST ARTIFACT, PITUITARY HYPERTHYROIDISM, THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE
79
HEAT INTOLERANCE
HYPERTHYROIDISM
80
TACHYCARDIA
HYPERTHYROIDISM
81
WEIGHT LOSS
HYPERTHYROIDISM
82
WEAKNESS
HYPERTHYROIDISM
83
EMOTIONAL LABILITY
HYPERTHYROIDISM
84
TREMOR
HYPERTHYROIDISM
85
GRAVE'S DISEASE
HYPERTHYROIDISM
86
HOARSENESS
HYPOTHYROIDISM
87
COLD SENSITIVITY
HYPOTHYROIDISM
88
DRY SKIN
HYPOTHYROIDISM
89
CONSTIPATION
HYPOTHYROIDISM
90
BRADYCARDIA
HYPOTHYROIDISM
91
MYXEDEMA COMA
HYPOTHYROIDISM
92
MUSCLE WEAKNESS
HYPOTHYROIDISM
93
Regulate calcium levels
PARATHYROID GLAND
94
HORMONE THAT INCREASES CALCIUM LEVELS
PTH
95
CELLS THAT INCREASE IONIZED CALCIUM LEVEL
OSTEOCLASTS
96
PTH FUNCTION IN KIDNEYS
Prevents removal of calcium and activates renal-1-alpha-hydrolase
97
Facilitates entry of calcium
Calcitonin
98
Parathyroid gland produces PTH to compensate:
Hypocalcemia
99
PTH in bone:
stimulates osteoclast activity
100
enzyme that activates vit D
1-alpha-hydroxylase
101
Inactive vitamin D
25-hydroxycholecalcifero
102
Activated vitamin D
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
103
maintains calcium and increase calcium
Cholecalciferol
104
Vit D in ________ promotes renal absorption of Ca2+ and reabsorb phosphate
Kidneys
105
Vit D located in ______________ dietary intake absorption of Ca2+ and Phosphate
intestine
106
Located on top of the kidneys
Adrenal gland
107
adrenaline increase work output; increases amount of energy
epinephrine
108
rest - antagonist of epinephrine/adrenaline
norepinephrine
109
cause vasodilation, relaxing blood vessels
dopamine
110
Zona glomerulosa maintains
salt/sodium level
aldosterone
111
Zona fasciculata
cortisol
carbohydrate metabolism
112
Zona reticularis
androgen
secondary sex characeristics
113
Insulin is released by
beta-cells
114
Hypoglycemic agent
insulin
115
Released by: alpha cells
glucagon
116
Hyperglycemic agent
Glucagon and Somatostatin
117
Released by delta cells
Somatostatin
118
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
Lipogenesis
Insulin
119
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
Glucagon
120
Inhibits secretion of Insulin, Glucagon, Growth hormone
Somatostatin
121
Testosterone is released by
Leydig cells
122
Peak level of testosterone
morning
123
primary determinant of male fertility
Testosterone
124
Predominant in menopausal women
Estrone
125
Assess ovarian function
Estradiol
126
Predominant estrogen in pregnant women
Estriol
127
Progesterone in produced by
corpus luteum
128
Determinant of female fertility
Progesterone
129
Determinant of female fertility
Progesterone
130
Majority of hormones are measured using
ELISA or RIA
