Endocrinology Flashcards by Ailah M

IBW for male and female

Male = 106 lbs + (6 lbs per inch over 5 feet)

Female = 100 lbs + (5 lbs per inch over 5 feet)

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Most accepted and unifying hypothesis in metabolic syndrome

Insulin resistance

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An excellent marker of insulin resistance

Hypertriglyceridemia

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Hypertriglyceridemia

> /= 150 mg/dL

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Recommended daily protein allowance of patients with diabetic kidney disease

0.8 g/kg/day

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Most common precipitating factor for hyperglycemic crises in diabetes

Infection

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Plasma glucose in hyperosmotic hyperglycemic state

> 600

In T2DM

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Most common underlying etiology of foot ulceration

Neuropathy

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Hypoglycemia

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Treatment of choice for hyperfunctioning solitary nodule or toxic adenoma

Radioiodine ablation

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Burch and Wartofsky’s score which indicates unlikely thyroid storm

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Burch and Wartofsky’s score which indicates impending thyroid storm

25-44

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Burch and Wartofsky’s score which is highly suggestive of thyroid storm

> 45

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Beta blocker that decreases peripheral conversion of T4 to T3

Propranolol

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Symptoms of faintness with facial congestion and external jugular venous obstruction when arms are raised above the head that is seen in DNTG patients

Pemberton’s sign

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Given to DNTG to suppress the TSH into the low-normal range

Levothyroxine

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Gold standard diagnostic for osteoporosis

Dual-energy d-ray absorptiometry

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3 organs involved in MEN1

Parathyroid
Pancreas
Pituitary

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Clinical hallmark of mineralocorticoid excess

Hypokalemic hypertension

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In TRH test, TRH will cause an _______ in the level of prolactin

Increase

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In Metyrapone test, metyrapone will cause a ________ in cortisol and, a _______ in ACTH

Decrease, increase

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Most common 2nd messenger system

cAMP system (e.g glucagon)

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2nd messenger system for insulin

Tyrosine kinase

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2nd messenger system for TH

None (acts like a steroid hormone)

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4 hormones derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

MSH ACT B-lipoprotein B-endorphin

Other name for GH

Somatotropin

Other name for IGF-1

Somatomedin

Antagonizes prolactin

Dopamine

Main site of ADH/vasopressin synthesis

Supraoptic nuclei of anterior hypothalamus

Main site of oxytocin synthesis

Paraventricular nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus

Effect of insulin to potassium

Increased potassium uptake in muscles and adipose --- decrease serum potassium

Responsible for the compressional strength of the bone

Bone salts

Site of sperm formation

Seminiferous tubules

Site of sperm motility

Epididymis

Site of sperm storage

Vas deferens

Contributes to semen alkalinity

Prostate gland

Supplies mucous to semen for lubrication

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's)

Most common functioning pituitary adenoma

Prolactinoma

Second most common pituitary adenoma

Somatotroph adenoma

Headach, diplopia, and hypopituitarism

Pituitary apoplexy

Hurthle cells in a thyroid mass

Follicular thyroid CA

Most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas

Hashimoto

Chronic inflammatory infiltrate of the thyroid gland with multinucleate giant cells

Subacute thyroiditis

Most common cause of painful thyroid gland; associated with viral infection

De quervain's thyroiditis

Condition where normal thyroid tissues are replaced by fibrous tissue; usually associated with sclerosing mediastinitis

Reidel thyroiditis

Difficult to treat hypertension associated with hypokalemia

Hyperaldosteronism

Adrenals are covered to sacs of clotted blood, which virtually obscures the underlying detail

Waterhous-Friedrichsen syndrome

Most common presentation or tropic hormone failure in childhood

Growth retardation

Earliest symptom of tropic hormone failure in the adult

Hypogonadism

Most common cause of hypopituitarism in children associated with WNT signaling pathway

Craniopharyngioma

Most common cause of pituitary hormone hypersecretion and hyposecretion syndromes in adults

Pituitary adenoma

Cut-off size for pituitary microadenoma

Early sign of optic tract pressure

Loss of red perception

Surgical approach for most pituitary tumors

Transphenoidal surgery

Treatment of choice for prolactinomas

Dopamine agonist

Most abundant anterior pituitary hormone

Major source of circulating IGF-1

Liver

Most-validated test to distinguish pituitary-sufficient patients from AGHD

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia

Most common cause of GHRH-mediated acromegaly

Chest or abdominal carcinoid tumor

Most significant cause or mortality in patients witb acromegaly

Cardiovascular

Provides a useful screening measure when clinical features raise the possibility of acromegaly

IGF-1 level

Drug thag acts by competitive inhibition of GH

Pegvisomant

Most common cause of Cushingoif features

Iatrogenic hypercortisolism

Primary cause of death in Cushing's syndrome

Cardiovascular

Precise and cost-effective screening test for Cushing's syndrome

Measuremenf or 24-h urine free cortisol

Origin of most nonfunctioning adenomas

Gonadotrope cells

Differentiates central and nephrogenic DI

Water deprivation test

Subunit unique to TSH

Beta subunit

Critical first step in thyroid hormone synthesis

Iodine uptake

Most common cause of preventable mental retardation

Iodine deficiency

There is no convincing evidence for a role of infection in autoimmune hypothyroidism except

Congenital rubella syndrome

Thyroid cell destruction in autoimmune thyroiditis is primarily mediated by

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

Indication for external warming of hypothermia in myxedema

Temp of

Most frequent site of thyroid dermopathy

Antetior and lateral aspects of the lower leg ( pretibial myxedema)

Time of major tisk for relapse of Graves disease in pregnancy

Postpartum

Duration of carbimazole or methimazole-free period prior to RAI

At least 2 days

Duration of PTU-free period prior to RAI

Several weeks prior

Most common cause of acute thyroiditis in children and young adults

Presence of pyriform sinus

Most common malignancy of the endocrine system

Thyroid CA

2 Oral agents with established efficacy in Cushings syndrome

Metyrapone and ketoconazole

Most common cause of mineralocorticoid excess

Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)

Most straightforward test for primary hyperaldosteronism

Saline infusion test

Most common histopathological classification for adrenocortical carcinoma

Weiss score

Site of metastasis in adrenocortical carcinoma

Liver and lung

Characterized by the loss of both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid secretion

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Characterized by the loss of only glucocorticoid secretion; no mineralocorticoid deficiency

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

Distinguishing feature of primary AI

Hyperpigmentation

Diagnosis of AI is established by

Short cosyntropin test

Classic triad of pheochromocytoma

Palpitations Headache Profuse sweating

First described pheochromocytoma-associated syndrome

NF1

Sites of DXA determination in osteoporosis

Lumbar spine and hip

Calcium supplement best taken with food

Calcium carbonate

Calcium supplement that can be taken anytime

Calcium citrate

SERM approved for the prevention and treatmenf of osteoporosis

Raloxifene

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is found mostly in cancer patients given high doses of

Zoledronic acid or pamidronate

First bisphosphonate to be approved, initially for use in Paget's disease and hypercalcemia

Etidronate

Fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL

Denosumab

Glucose level that stimulates the synthesis of insulin

>70 mg/dl

Most poent incretin

Glucagon-like peptide 1

Extremely serious complication of DKA seen in children

Cerebral edema

Measurememt of glycated albumin that reflects glycemic status over the prior 2 weeks

Fructosamine assay

Major toxicity of metformin

Lactic acidosis

Retinal vascular microaneurysms, blot hemorrhages and cotton wool spots

Non-proliferative DM retinopathy

Duration of DM in patients with non-proliferative retinopathy

> 20 years

Treatment of proliferative retinopathy

Panretinal laser photocoagulation

Endocrinology Flashcards

(105 cards)