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Neurology Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurotransmitter that is decreased in Huntington’s dementia and Alzheimer’s dementia

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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2
Q

Neurotransmitter found in locus ceruleus of pons

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

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3
Q

Neurotransmitter found in the substantia nigra

A

DOPAMINE

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter found in the median raphe of the brainstem

A

SEROTONIN

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5
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter found in spinal interneurons

A

GLYCINE

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6
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the brain

A

GABA

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7
Q

Output pathway from reward and punishment centers, lesions here will produce anterograde amnesia

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

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8
Q

Helps search memory storehouses, lesions here will produce retrograde amnesia

A

THALAMUS

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9
Q

Cranial nerve for general sensation (e.g. pain) of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

CN V

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10
Q

Highly characteristic of posterior fossa brain tumors

A

VOMITING THAT PRECEDES HEADACHE

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11
Q

Dominant symptom in temporal (giant cell) arteritis

A

HEADACHE

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12
Q

Most common primary headache syndrome

A

MIGRAINE, TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE, AND CLUSTER HEADACHE

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13
Q

Key pathway for pain in migraine

A

TIGEMINOVASCULAR INPUT FROM THE MENINGEAL VESSELS

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14
Q

Most disabling headache

A

MIGRAINE

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15
Q

Mainstay of pharmacologic treatment in migraine

A

JUDICIOUS USE OF ONE OR MORE DRUGS THAT ARE EFFECTIVE IN MIGRAINE

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16
Q

Most important factor in selection of the optimal regimen for a migraine patient

A

SEVEREITY OF THE ATTACK

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17
Q

Most efficacious of the triptans

A

RIZATRIPTAN AND ELETRIPTAN

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18
Q

Core feature of cluster headache

A

PERIODICITY

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19
Q

Most satisfactory treatment in cluster headache

A

ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO PREVENT CLUSTER ATTACKS UNTIL THE BOUT IS OVER

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20
Q

Most serious cause of secondary headache

A

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE

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21
Q

Classic headache associated with a brain tumor

A

MORE EVIDENT IN THE MORNING AND IMPROVES DURING THE DAY

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22
Q

Preferred diagnostic test for any patient suspected of having a brain tumor

A

CRANIAL MRI and should be performed with gadolinium contrast administration

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23
Q

The only test necessary to diagnose a brain tumor

A

NEUROIMAGING

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24
Q

Glucocorticoid of choice for brain tumors because of its relatively low mineralocorticoid activity

A

DEXAMETHASONE

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25
Most common primary brain tumor of childhood
GRADE 1 ASTROCYTOMAS: PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMAS
26
Most common primary brain tumor overall
MENINGIOMAS
27
Most common malignant brain tumor of childhood
MEDULLOBLASTOMAS
28
Most common malignant tumor overall
GRADE IV ASTROCYTOMA (GLIOBLASTOMA)
29
Meningiomas are most commonly located ove the
CEREBRAL CONVEXITIES
30
Main differential diagnosis of meningioma
DURAL METASTASIS
31
Most common schwannomas
VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMAS OR ACOUSTIC NEUROMAS
32
Most common site of brain metastases
GRAY MATTER-WHITE MATTER JUNCTION
33
85% opf all brain metastases are
SUPRATENTORIAL
34
Most common sources of brain metastases
LUNG AND BREAST CANCER
35
Malignancy with greatest propensity for brain metastasis, found in 80% of patients at autopsy
MELANOMA
36
Malignancies with propensity to metastasize to the dura and can mimic meningioma
PROSTATE AND BREAST CANCER
37
Arises in prostate and breast cancer, which have strong propensity to metastasize to axial skeleton
SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION
38
Braion metastases are best visualized on
MRI
39
3 Cancers with greatest propensity to bleed
MELANOMA, THYROID, KIDNEY CANCER
40
Most common cause of hemorrhagic metastasis
LUNG CANCER
41
Most common among hematologic malignancies ti metastasize to the subarachnoid space
ACUTE LEUKEMIA
42
3 Solid tumors that most frequently cause leptomeningeal metastases
BREAST, LUNG, MELANOMA
43
Definitive method and often considered the gold standard to diagnose leptomeningeal metastases
DEMONSTRATION OF TUMOR CELLS IN CSF
44
CSF cytologic examination is most useful in what malignancies
HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
45
Part of the spine affected most commonly in epidural metastasis
THORACIC SPIN > LUMBAR > CERVICAL
46
Presenting symptom of epidural metastasis in virtually all patients
BACK PAIN
47
Best test for epidural metastasis
MRI OF THE COMPLETE SPINE
48
Surgical procedure of choice for epidural metastasis
COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE MASS, TYPICALLY ANTERIOR TO THE SPINAL CANAL
49
Standard treatment for brain metastases
WHOLE-BRAIN RADIOTHERAPY
50
Most serious toxicity from radiotherapy as they are often irreversible
LATE DELAYED TOXICITY
51
Complication seen most commonly after whole-brain radiotherapy
LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY
52
Second only to myelosuppression as dose-limiting toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents
NEUROTOXICITY
53
Most common form of suppurative CNS infection
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
54
Most common cause of meningitis in adults > 20 years
S.PNEUMONIAE
55
Important clue to diagnosis of meningococcal infection
PETECHIAL OR PURPURIC SKIN LESIONS
56
Most disastrous complication of increased ICP
CEREBRAL HERNIATION
57
2 most common etiologic organisms of community-acquired bacterial meningitis
S. PNEUMONIASE AND N. MENINGITIDES
58
Most common symptom of brain abscess
HEADACHE
59
Most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in developed countries
DIABETES MELLITUS
60
Most common diabetic mononeuropathies
MEDIAN NEUROPATHY AT THE WRIST AND ULNAR NEUROPATHY AT THE ELBOW
61
Most common cranial mononeuropathies in DM
CNVII > III > VI > IV
62
Most common cranial mononeuropathies in scleroderma
TRIGEMINAL NERVE
63
Most common cranial nerve involved in sarcoidosis
VII
64
Most common mononeuropathies in uremia
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
65
Most common form of peripheral neuropathy associated with HIV infection and usually seen in patients with AIDS
DISTAL SYMMETRIC POLYNEUROPATHY
66
Most common associated malignancy with neuropathies
LUNG CANCER
67
2 Most common causes of acute generalized weakness leading to admission to ICU
GBS AND MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
68
Manifests as a rapidly evolving areflexic motor paralysis with or without sensory disturbance, associated with Campylobacter jejuni found in undercooked chicken
GBS
69
Most common cause of familial parkinson’s disease
MUTATION OF THE LRRK2 GENE
70
Most common cause of secondary parkinsonism
DOPAMINE BLOCKING AGENTS
71
Mainstay of therapy of Parkinson Disease
LEVODOPA-CARBIDOPA
72
Major clinical effect of central-acting anticholinergic drugs
TREMORS
73
Most widely used antidyskinesia agent in patients with advanced PD and the only oral agent that has been demonstrated in controlled studies to reduce dyskinesia
AMANTADINE
74
Most common cause of nursing home placement in PD patients
DEMENTIA
75
Most common movement disorder
ESSENTIAL TREMOR
76
Major differentials for tremors
DYSTONIC TREMOR OR PD
77
Standard drug therapies for essential tremors
BETA BLOCKERS OR PRIMIDONE
78
Most common forms of dystonia
FOCAL DYSTONIAS
79
Most commonly seen with neuroleptic drugs or after chronic levodopa treatment in PD patients
DRUG-INDUCED DYSTONIA
80
Most common systemic disorder that causes chorea
SLE
81
Most common acute hyperkinetic drug reaction
DYSTONIA
82
Most common subacute drug reaction
AKATHISIA
83
Gold standard for diagnosis of Wilson’s disease
LIVER BIOPSY
84
Most common psychogenic movement disorder
TREMOR AFFECTING THE UPPER LIMBS
85
Date rape drug
FLUNITRAZEPAM
86
Non-sedating anti-anxiety
BUSPIRONE
87
Fomepizole inhibits what enzyme?
ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
88
Disulfiram inhibits what enzyme?
ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE

Internal Medicine (8 decks)

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