Oncology Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Malignancy with greatest propensity for brain metastasis, found in 80% of patients at autopsy
A
MELANOMA
2
Q
Malignancies with propensity to metastasize to the dura and can mimic meningioma
A
PROSTATE AND BREAST CANCER
3
Q
Arises in prostate and breast cancer, which have strong propensity to metastasize to axial skeleton
A
SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION
4
Q
Braion metastases are best visualized on
A
MRI
5
Q
3 Cancers with greatest propensity to bleed
A
MELANOMA, THYROID, KIDNEY CANCER
6
Q
Most common cause of hemorrhagic metastasis
A
LUNG CANCER
7
Q
Most common among hematologic malignancies ti metastasize to the subarachnoid space
A
ACUTE LEUKEMIA
8
Q
3 Solid tumors that most frequently cause leptomeningeal metastases
A
BREAST, LUNG, MELANOMA
9
Q
Definitive method and often considered the gold standard to diagnose leptomeningeal metastases
A
DEMONSTRATION OF TUMOR CELLS IN CSF
10
Q
CSF cytologic examination is most useful in what malignancies
A
HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
11
Q
Part of the spine affected most commonly in epidural metastasis
A
THORACIC SPIN > LUMBAR > CERVICAL
12
Q
Presenting symptom of epidural metastasis in virtually all patients
A
BACK PAIN
13
Q
Best test for epidural metastasis
A
MRI OF THE COMPLETE SPINE
14
Q
Surgical procedure of choice for epidural metastasis
A
COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE MASS, TYPICALLY ANTERIOR TO THE SPINAL CANAL
15
Q
Standard treatment for brain metastases
A
WHOLE-BRAIN RADIOTHERAPY
16
Q
Most serious toxicity from radiotherapy as they are often irreversible
A
LATE DELAYED TOXICITY
17
Q
Complication seen most commonly after whole-brain radiotherapy
A
LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY
18
Q
Second only to myelosuppression as dose-limiting toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents
A
NEUROTOXICITY
19
Q
Most significant risk factor for cancer overall
A
AGE
20
Q
Most common cancer worldwide
A
LUNG CANCER
21
Q
Second most common cancer worldwide
A
BREAST CANCER
22
Q
Genes involved in restraining cell growth wherein mutation of one allele may lead to tumorigenesis
A
ONCOGENES
23
Q
Most effective means of treating cancer
A
SURGERY
24
Q
Delivery of radiation therapy from a distance
A
TELETHERAPY
25
Encapsulated sealed sources of radiation implanted directly or adjacent to tumor
BRACHYTHERAPY
26
Radionuclides targeted to the site of the tumor
SYSTEMIC RADIATION THERAPY
27
Most significant risk factor for head and neck cancer
ALCOHOL AND SMOKING
28
Most commonly used treatment for head and neck cancer
CHEMORADIOTHERAPY
29
Most effective drugs against highly emetogenic agents
SEROTONIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS (i.e ondansetron)
30
Frequency of sigmoidoscopy as a screening test for adults >/= 50 years old
EVERY 5 YEARS
31
Frequency of FOBT as a screening test for adults >/= 50 years old
ANNUALLY
32
Frequency of colonoscopy as a screening test for adults >/= 50 years old
EVERY 10 YEARS
33
3 Cancers associated with BRAF oncogene
MELANOMA, LUNG, COLORECTAL
34
2 Cancers associated with bcr-abl oncogene
CML, ALL
35
Cancer associated with bcl-2 oncogene
FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA
36
Cancer associated with C-myc oncogene
BURKITT’S LYMPHOMA
37
2 Cancers associated with L-myc oncogene
LUNG AND BLADDER CANCER
38
2 Cancers associated with N-myc oncogene
NEUROBLASTOMA, LUNG
39
3 Cancers associated with ras oncogene
COLON, LUNG, PANCREATIC
40
Cancer associated with RET oncogene
MEN 2A AND 2B
41
Cancer associated with APC tumor suppressor gene
COLON CANCER (FAP)
42
Cancer associated with DCC gene mutation
COLON CANCER
43
Malignancy associated with alkylating agents and benzene
AML
44
Malignancy associated with aromatic dyes and Schistosoma hematobium
BLADDER CANCER
45
2 Malignancies associated with asbestos and arsenic
LUNG CANCER AND MESOTHELIOMA
46
Malignancy associated with HTLV-1
ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA
47
Malignancy associated with vinyl chloride
LIVER ANGIOSARCOMA
48
Primary cause of lung cancer worldwide
SMOKING
49
2 Types of lung cancer implicated with smoking which tend to present centrally
SQUAMOUS CELL AND SMALL CELL CANCER
50
Most prevalent type of lung cancer among women, young adults and non-smokers presenting peripherally
ADENOCARCINOMA
51
Subtype of lung adenocarcinoma that grows along the aveoli without invasion (lepidic growth), may present with classic ground glass appearance on CT
BRONCHIOALVEOLAR CARCINOMA
52
Results from local extension of tumor growing in the apex involving C8 and T1 and T2 nerve roots with shoulder pan radiating to the ulnar distribution and Horner’s syndrome
PANCOAST SYNDROME OR SUPERIOR SULCUS TUMOR
53
Most common life threatening metabolic complication of malignancy associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
HYPERCALCEMIA FROM ECTOPIC PTH/PTH-RELATED PROTEIN PRODUCTION
54
2 Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with small cell lung carcinoma
SIADH, CUSHING’S SYNDROME, LAMBERT EATON SYNDROME
55
Treatment of choice for small cell lung carcinoma
CHEMOTHERAPY
56
Treatment of choice for early stage non-small cell lung cancer
SURGICAL RESECTION
57
Location of majority of hamartomas
LUNGS
58
Best time for breast examination
DAYS 5-7 OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
59
Most important prognostic variable in breast cancer
TUMOR STAGE
60
Hormonal treatment for breast cancer which increases the risk of endometrial cancer
SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR (SERM)
61
Treatment that increases breast cancer risk but decreases ovarian and endometrial cancer risk
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS
62
Monoclonal antibody directed against the erb/her2-neu receptor used for breast cancers
TRASTUZUMAB
63
Premalignant lesion that suggests elevated risk of breast cancer
LOBULAR NEOPLASIA
64
Esophageal cancer related to smoking, and alcohol, arising in the middle 1/3
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
65
Esophageal cancer related to acid reflux and Barrett’s esophagus arising in the distal 1/3
ADENOCARCINOMA
66
Initial symptoms of esophageal cancer in majority of the patients
PROGRESSIVE DYSPHAGIA AND WEIGHT LOSS
67
Type of gastric carcinoma with loss of cell cohesion developing throughout the stomach resulting to loss of distensibility
DIFFUSE TYPE
68
Type of gastric carcinoma frequently ulcerative and involving the antrum and lesser curvature, often initiated by H. pylori
INTESTINAL type
69
Gastric cancer metastatic to the periumbilical region
SISTER MARY JOSEPH NODES
70
Gastric cancer metastatic to the peritoneal cul-de-sac
BLUMER’S NODES
71
Most common site for hematogenous spread of gastric cancer
LIVER
72
Only chance of cure for gastric cancer
COMPLETE SURGICAL REMOVAL OF THE TUMOR WITH RESECTION OF ADJACENT LYMPH NODES
73
Most frequent site of extra nodal lymphoma
STOMACH
74
Primary treatment of gastric lymphoma
ERADICATION OF H. PYLORI
75
Characteristic of colonic polyps most associated with malignancy
VILLOUS SESSILE ADENOMATOUS POLYPS; > 2.5 CM IN SIZE
76
Multiple polyps in the small and large intestines with osteomas, fibromas, and congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium
GARDNER’S SYNDROME
77
Multiple polyps in the large intestine with brain tumors
TURCOT’S SYNDROME
78
Multiple small and large intestinal polyps (hamartomatous/juvenile), mucocutaneous pigmentation, tumors of the ovary, breast, and pancreas
PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME
79
Other term for hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
LYNCH SYNDROME
80
Hereditary autosomal dominant predisposition to colon, ovarian, and endometrial cancers caused by defects in DNA mismatch repair
HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS COLON CANCER (LYNCH SYNDROME)
81
Most effective class of agents to reduce the risk of colon cancer adenomas and carcinomas
ASPIRIN AND NSAIDS
82
Colon cancer that is usually non-obstructive, discovered late, with iron-deficiency anemia
RIGHT-SDED COLON CANCERS
83
Colon cancer that are usually with obstructive symptoms and apple-core or napkin ring deformity on barium studies
LEFT-SIDED COLON CANCERS
84
Hematochezia, tenesmus, and narrowing of stool caliber are symptoms of
RECTOSIGMOID CANCER
85
Period of time when most recurrences after surgical resection of large bowel cancer occur
WITHIN THE FIRST 4 YEARS
86
Number of sampled lymph nodes necessary to accurately define tumor stage during surgery
MINIMUM OF 12 NODES
87
Most frequent visceral site of metastasis of colon cancer
LIVER
88
Backbone chemotherapeutic agent for colon cancer and acts as a radiosensitizer for treatment of rectal cancer
5-FLUOROURACIL
89
Major side effect of irinotecan used in FOLFIRI regimen for colon cancer
DIARRHEA
90
Common side effect of oxaliplatin used in FOLFOX regimen for colon cancer
DOSE-DEPENDENT SENSORY NEUROPATHY
91
Most common location of pancreatic cancer
PANCREATIC HEAD
92
Most common environmental risk factor for pancreatic cancer
SMOKING
93
Most common physical sign of hepatocellular carcinoma
HEPATOMEGALY
94
Criteria for orthotropic liver transplant based on Milan criteria
SINGLE LESION = 5 CM OR = 3 NODULES EACH = 3 CM; NO GROSS VASCULAR INVASION
95
Variant of HCC associated with younger females, elevated blood neurotensin levels, no cirrhosis
FIBROLAMELLAR HCC
96
Most common benign liver tuimor among women
HEMANGIOMA
97
Benign liver mass associated with contraceptive use, with low potential for malignant change and risk of bleeding
ADENOMA
98
Benign liver mass with characteristic central scar, hypovascular on arterial phase and hypervascular on delayed phase CT
FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA
99
Most useful diagnostic tool in differentiating between benign and malignant liver masses
TRIPHASIC CT SCAN
100
Mucin-producing adenocarcinoma that arise from the bille ducts, majority of which are located in the hilar or central area
CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA
101
Nodular tumors arising from the bifurcation of the common bile duct
KLATSKIN TUMOR
102
Adenocarcinoma arising within 2 cm of the distal end of the common bile duct
AMPULLARY CARCINOMA
103
Palpable gallbladder associated with obstructive biliary malignancy
COURVOISIER'S SIGN
104
Standard surgical procedure for pancreatic head and uncinate tumors
PYLORUS PRESERVING PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY (MODIFIED WHIPPLE'S PROCEDURE)
105
Most common site of malignancy in the urinary tract
URINARY BLADDER
106
Most common source of gross hematuria
URINARY BLADDER
107
Most common presentation of bladder, renal pelvis, and ureteric cancer
PAINLESS HEMATURIA
108
Vaccine component used as intravesiculart therapy in bladder cancer
BCG
109
Most common environmental risk factor for bladder and renal cell carcinoma
SMOKING
110
Most common histopathologic type of renal cell carcinoma
CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA
111
Classic triad of renal cell carcinoma
HEMATURIA, ABDOMINAL PAIN, FLANK OR ABDOMINAL MASS
112
Site where most prostate cancers develop
PERIPHERAL ZONE
113
Predominant therapy to reduce future risk of prostate cancer diagnosis
5-ALPHA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS (FINASTERIDE)
114
Test to establish prostate cancer diagnosis
TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND-GUIDED BIOPSY
115
Scoring used to measure histologic aggressiveness of the dominant and secondary glandular histology of prostate cancer
GLEASON SCORING
116
Most common site of metastasis of tissue sarcoma
LUNGS
117
Mainstay of treatment for Ewing's sarcoma, PNET, and rhabdomyosarcoma
CHEMOTHERAPY
118
Most common malignant tumor of the bone
PLASMA CELL TUMORS
119
Account for majoriuty of bone sarcomas, predominant in young males, usuallyu occuring on the metaphysis of long bones, distal femur, proximal tibia and humerus
OSTEOSARCOMA
120
Moth-eaten appearance, spiculated periosteal reaction (sunburst appearance), cuff of periosteal new bone formation (Codman's triangle) are radiographic hallmarks of
OSTEOSARCOMA
121
Most important prognostic factor for long-term survival in osteosarcoma
RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY
122
Site most commonly involved in bone metastasis
VERTEBRAE
123
Lack of endonuclease necessary for thymidine dimer repair --> increased susceptibility to skin cancers of all types
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSA
124
One or few small waxy, semitranslucent nodules forming around a central depression that may be ulcerated, crusted or bleeding, edge is rolled or pearly with rodent ulcer, rarely metastasizes
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
125
Most common site of basal cell carcinoma
FACE/HEAD AND NECK AREA
126
Most common type of basal cell carcinoma
CLASSICAL OR NODULAR TYPE
127
Dome-shaped, elevated, hard infiltrating lesion (deeply nodular), may eventually develop an ulcer, occurs on sun-exposed areas
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
128
In situ form of squamous cell carcinoma
BOWEN'S DISEASE
129
Major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
CHRONIC LONG TERM SUN EXPOSURE
130
Known precursor lesion of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
ACTINIC KERATOSIS
131
Most common type of melanoma
SUPERFICIAL SPREADING
132
Single greatest risk factor for melanoma
PERSONAL HISTORY OF MELANOMA
133
Most common type of melanoma in dark-skinned individuals and Asians
ACRAL-LENTIGINOUS MELANOMA
134
Single most important prognostic factor for melanoma
REGIONAL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS
135
Most important determinant of outcome in melanoma
EARLY EXCISION
136
Primary lesion erythematous edematous evanescent rash
WHEAL
137
Thickening of the skin with accentuation of skin fold markings
LICHENIFICATION
138
Loss of epidermis without loss of dermis
EROSION
139
Loss of both epidermis and dermis
ULCER
140
Paraneoplastic syndrome common to renal, hepatocellular cancer, and cerebellar hemangioblastomas
ERYTHROCYTOSIS
141
Trousseau's syndrome or migratory thrombophlebitis is paraneoplastic syndrome of
PANCREATIC CANCER
142
Myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia are paraneoplastic syndrome of
THYMOMA
143
Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a paraneoplastic syndrome of
SMALL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG
144
ADR of nitrosurea
NEUROTOXICITY
145
ADR of oxaliplatin
NEUROTOXICITY
146
ADR of procarbazine
DISULFIRAM-LIKE REACTION
147
ADR of Bleomycin
PULMONARY FIBROSIS
148
ADR of actinomycin D
MYELOSUPPRESSION
